Carebara affinis

Carebara affinis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Crematogastrini
Genus:	Carebara
Species:	C. affinis
Binomial name
Carebara affinis (Jerdon, 1851) Specimen Labels
Subspecies
Carebara affinis javana (Emery, 1893) Carebara affinis minor (Emery, 1900) Carebara affinis spinosior (Forel, 1911) Carebara affinis sumatrensis (Forel, 1913)
Synonyms
Atta bellicosa Smith, F., 1858 Pheidologeton affinis australis Forel, 1915 Pheidologeton australis mjobergi Forel, 1918 Solenopsis calida Smith, F., 1863 Solenopsis laboriosa Smith, F., 1861

Heterick & Kitching (2022) collected this species in a pitfall trap within a lowland dipterocarp forest in Brunei.

Photo Gallery

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  Carebara affinis recently mated male on a finger tip. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.
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  Carebara affinis recently mated dealate queen. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.
• 

  Carebara affinis recently mated dealate queen. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.
• 

  Carebara affinis recently mated dealate queen on a finger tip. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.
• 

  Carebara affinis recently mated male and a dealate queen. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.
• 

  Carebara affinis workers and majors huddled together. Photo by Abhijith APC.

Identification

Keys including this Species

• Key to Carebara of China
• Key to Carebara of India

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 32.7009° to -18.99°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Australasian Region: Australia (type locality).
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, India (type locality), Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Palaearctic Region: China.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Castes

• 

  Liu, C. et al. 2020. Ants of the Hengduan Mountains, Figure 65, Carebara affinis.

.	Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0270204. Photographer Noel Tawatao, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NBTC, Noel B. Tawatao Collection.

Syntype of Solenopsis laboriosa. Worker. Specimen code casent0901419. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Syntype of Solenopsis laboriosa. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901420. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• affinis. Oecodoma affinis Jerdon, 1851: 110 (s.w.) INDIA (Karnataka/Kerala, “Malabar”).
  • Type-material: syntype major and minor workers (numbers not stated).
  • Type-locality: India: (no further data), “very common in Malabar” (T.C. Jerdon).
  • Type-depository: unknown (no type-material known to exist).
  • [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 51. Genus misspelled as Ocodoma in both publications.]
  • Emery, 1893e: 212 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954a: 138 (l.).
  • Combination in Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858b: 174;
  • combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30;
  • combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
  • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 174; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 440; Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 208 (redescription); Emery, 1893g: 261; Emery, 1895k: 466; Emery, 1897d: 568; Emery, 1900d: 688; Forel, 1901b: 14; Dahl, 1901: 19; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1903a: 691; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903: 164; Forel, 1903d: 405; Forel, 1905c: 22; Forel, 1909d: 226; Emery, 1911b: 531; Forel, 1911d: 386; Forel, 1912n: 53; Forel, 1913f: 191; Forel, 1913k: 55; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 136; Viehmeyer, 1916b: 285; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Crawley, 1924: 399; Stitz, 1925: 119; Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 51; Karavaiev, 1930a: 213; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Karavaiev, 1935a: 95; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 27; Donisthorpe, 1943d: 446; Donisthorpe, 1949g: 411; Donisthorpe, 1950a: 339; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 158; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 76; Zhou & Zheng, 1997b: 163 (in key); Tiwari, 1999: 60; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 330; Zhou, 2001b: 91; Lin & Wu, 2003: 65; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 36; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Terayama, 2009: 156; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 7; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 50; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Akbar & Bharti, 2017: 37 (in key); Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 63.
  • Senior synonym of australis: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
  • Senior synonym of bellicosa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
  • Senior synonym of calida: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
  • Senior synonym of laboriosa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 469; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
  • Senior synonym of mjobergi: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
  • Distribution: Australia, Brunei, China, India (+ Andamans, Nicobars), Indonesia (Ambon, Irian Jaya, Java, Mentawei, Seram, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Waigeu), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (+ Bismarck Archipelago), Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, Panay), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand.
  • Current subspecies: nominal plus javana, minor, spinosior, sumatrensis.
• australis. Pheidologeton affinis var. australis Forel, 1915b: 68 (w.q.) AUSTRALIA (Queensland).
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
  • Type-localities: Australia: Queensland, Cedar Creek, Herberton, and Atherton (E. Mjöberg).
  • Type-depository: MHNG (perhaps also in NHRS).
  • Forel, 1918a: 722 (s.).
  • Subspecies of affinis: Ettershank, 1966: 118.
  • Status as species: Forel, 1918a: 721; Emery, 1924d: 212; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 79; Taylor, 1987a: 55.
  • Junior synonym of affinis: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
• bellicosa. Atta bellicosa Smith, F. 1858b: 164 (s.w.) MYANMAR.
  • Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
  • Type-locality: Myanamar (“Burma”): (no further data).
  • Type-depository: BMNH.
  • Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1886c: 360.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 395; Mayr, 1886c: 360; Smith, F. 1871a: 333.
  • Junior synonym of affinis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
• calida. Solenopsis calida Smith, F. 1863: 22 (q.) INDONESIA (Seram I.).
  • Type-material: holotype queen.
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Ceram (= Seram I.), “Cer.” (A.R. Wallace).
  • Type-depository: OXUM.
  • Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
  • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Smith, F. 1871a: 333.
  • Junior synonym of laboriosa: Mayr, 1867a: 100.
  • Junior synonym of affinis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 471; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
• laboriosa. Solenopsis laboriosa Smith, F. 1861b: 48 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
  • Type-material: 5 syntype workers.
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Celebes (= Sulawesi), Tondano, “Tond.” (A.R. Wallace).
  • [Note: each worker is on a separate card with the letter “b” written in the lower left corner. Donisthorpe, 1932c: 469, nominated specimens in OXUM from “Wag.” (= Waigeu I., New Guinea) as type-series of laboriosa. This is in error as Smith clearly stated that the type-locality was “Celebes, Tondano.”]
  • Type-depository: OXUM.
  • Mayr, 1867a: 101 (q.).
  • Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 750; Smith, F. 1863: 22; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 442; Mayr, 1867a: 100 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 333; Smith, F. 1873: ix; Forel, 1885b: 181; Emery, 1887b: 465; Emery, 1888a: 533; Emery, 1889b: 504; Rothney, 1889: 369; André, 1892b: 53.
  • Junior synonym of affinis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 72; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 469; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 91.
• mjobergi. Pheidologeton australis var. mjobergi Forel, 1918a: 723 (q.) AUSTRALIA.
  • Type-material: syntype queens (number not stated).
  • Type-localities: Australia: Queensland, Cedar Creek, Herberton, and Atherton (E. Mjöberg).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • [Unresolved junior secondary homonym of Oligomyrmex mjobergi Forel, 1915b: 69.]
  • Subspecies of australis: Emery, 1924d: 212; Ettershank, 1966: 119; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 79; Taylor, 1987a: 55.
  • Junior synonym of affinis: Taylor, 1991b: 608; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 91.

Type Material

• Pheidologeton affinis: Syntype, worker(s), Ravenshoe (as Cedar Creek), Herberton and Atherton, Queensland, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.
• Oecodoma affinis Jerdon, 1851: Holotype, worker, India, India.
• Pheidologeton australis mjobergi Forel, 1918: Syntype, queen(s), Atherton, Queensland, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Solenopsis calida

Holotype queen in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Cer.” (= Seram I.).

Solenopsis laboriosa

Five worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Tond.” (= Tondano, Sulawesi). Each worker is on a separate card with the letter “b” written in the lower left corner.

Donisthorpe (1932c) nominated specimens in Oxford University Museum of Natural History from “Wag.” (= Waigeo I., New Guinea) as type-series of laboriosa. This is incorrect as Smith clearly stated that the type-locality was “Celebes, Tondano.”

References

• Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. (page 164, see also)
• Brassard, F., Leong, C.-M., Chan, H.-H., Guénard, B. 2021. High diversity in urban areas: How comprehensive sampling reveals high ant species richness within one of the most urbanized regions of the world. Diversity 13, 358 (doi:10.3390/d13080358).
• Dendup, K.C., Dorji, C., Dhadwal, T., Bharti, H., Pfeiffer, M. 2021. A preliminary checklist of ants from Bhutan. Asian Myrmecology 14, e014005 (doi:10.20362/am.014005).
• Emery, C. 1893g. Formicides de l'Archipel Malais. Rev. Suisse Zool. 1: 187-229 (page 206, Senior synonym of bellicosa and laboriosa (and its junior synonym calida))
• Emery, C. 1893g. Formicides de l'Archipel Malais. Rev. Suisse Zool. 1: 187-229 (page 212, queen, male described)
• Fischer, G., Azorsa, F. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara, establishment and revision of the C. polita species group. ZooKeys 438: 57–112.
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