Cyphomyrmex transversus

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Cyphomyrmex transversus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Attini
Genus: Cyphomyrmex
Species: C. transversus
Binomial name
Cyphomyrmex transversus
Emery, 1894

Cyphomyrmex transversus casent0173958 profile 1.jpg

Cyphomyrmex transversus casent0173958 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

DaRocha et al. (2015) studied the diversity of ants found in bromeliads of a single large tree of Erythrina, a common cocoa shade tree, at an agricultural research center in Ilhéus, Brazil. Forty-seven species of ants were found in 36 of 52 the bromeliads examined. Bromeliads with suspended soil and those that were larger had higher ant diversity. Cyphomyrmex transversus was found in 2 different bromeliads and was associated with the suspended soil and litter of the plants.

Identification

See the nomenclature section below.

Distribution

Kempf (1966) - Known to occur from northern Brazil to central Argentina. Being more xerophilous than the otherwise omnipresent Cyphomyrmex rimosus, it even occurs in the dry northeastern Brazil as the only representative of the genus.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 21.678819° to -31.632389°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil (type locality), Ecuador, Paraguay.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Biology

Explore-icon.png Explore Fungus Growing 
For additional details see Fungus growing ants.

A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source.

These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius).


The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3.

Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category):

Nest Construction

A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests.

Lower Agriculture

Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae.

Coral Fungus Agriculture

Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae.

Yeast Agriculture

Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi.

Generalized Higher Agriculture

Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi.

Leaf-Cutter Agriculture

A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus.

Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

Kempf (1966) - From my field experience in Agudos I have come to the conclusion that transversus nests in dryer situations (open fields, parkland) than Cyphomyrmex rimosus which prefers the more humid environment of dense woodlands. The distribution of the former seems to confirm this rule.

Bruch (1923) has studied and pictured the fungus-garden and nest of "pencosensis" in the Argentine. In fact, this ant cultivates a yeast-like fungus on excrements of insects, principally acridid grasshoppers, much as the typical rimosus and its allies.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 1 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 2 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 3 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 4 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 5 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 6 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 7 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 8 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Castes

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • transversus. Cyphomyrmex rimosus subsp. transversus Emery, 1894c: 226 (w.q.) BRAZIL (Mato Grosso).
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Mato Grosso (P. Germain).
    • Type-depository: MSNG.
    • Subspecies of rimosus: Forel, 1895b: 143; Emery, 1906c: 161; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 723; Forel, 1908e: 69; Forel, 1912e: 188; Forel, 1915c: 358; Bruch, 1915: 529; Gallardo, 1916d: 324; Emery, 1924d: 342; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 45; Borgmeier, 1927c: 126; Santschi, 1931e: 278; Santschi, 1933e: 118; Weber, 1940a: 412 (in key); Kusnezov, 1949d: 442; Kusnezov, 1957b: 10 (in key); Weber, 1958d: 260.
    • Status as species: Kempf, 1966: 193 (redescription); Kempf, 1972a: 94; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 483 (in key); Brandão, 1991: 339; Bolton, 1995b: 168; Wild, 2007b: 33; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 850.
    • Senior synonym of olindanus: Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 723; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 45; Weber, 1958d: 260; Kempf, 1966: 193; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Senior synonym of pencosensis: Kempf, 1966: 193; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Distribution: Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay.
  • olindanus. Cyphomyrmex rimosus r. olindanus Forel, 1901e: 337 (w.) BRAZIL (Pernambuco).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Olinda (M.J. Schmitt).
    • Type-depositories: MCZC, MHNG.
    • Junior synonym of transversus: Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 723; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 45; Weber, 1958d: 260; Kempf, 1966: 193; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • pencosensis. Cyphomyrmex rimosus var. pencosensis Forel, 1914d: 281 (w.) ARGENTINA (San Luis).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: Argentina: Alto Pencoso, nr La Plata (C. Bruch).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • Santschi, 1931e: 278 (q.m.).
    • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1931e: 278; Santschi, 1933e: 118.
    • Subspecies of rimosus: Bruch, 1915: 529; Bruch, 1916: 323; Gallardo, 1916d: 324; Bruch, 1923: 201; Emery, 1924d: 342; Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key); Kusnezov, 1949d: 441; Kusnezov, 1957b: 10 (in key); Weber, 1966: 168.
    • Junior synonym of transversus: Kempf, 1966: 193; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Bolton, 1995b: 168.

Type Material

Kempf (1966) - Workers and a female, collected by P. Germain at an unidentified locality in Mato Grosso, Brazil, presumably in the Emery collection; not seen. One syntype worker of olindanus Forel received on loan from the MCZ. Types of pencosensis presumably in the Forel collection; not seen.

Taxonomic Notes

Kempf (1966) - The chief separatory characters between transversus and rimosus s. l. are given for the female in the diagnosis. The worker differs from Cyphomyrmex rimosus in the feeble and low pair of carinae on vertex; the distinctly dentate antero-inferior corner of pronotum; the low mesonotal ridges, as seen in profile, especially the posterior pair - both pairs encircling the slightly impressed disc much as in peltatus and dentatus; the rather shallow mesoepinotal constriction, appearing as an obtuse angle in profile; the two pairs of tubercles on the posterior corner of the basal face of epinotum; the strikingly transverse pedicelar nodes, principally the petiole; the deeply impressed middorsal groove on postpetiole; the long and hairless antero-median groove on tergum I of gaster; the body hairs which are thickly squamate, especially on head, thorax and gaster. Although due to variation proper to this group some of the aforesaid characters may occasionally fail to reach their full expression - or rimosus in one or the other specimen may imitate one or very few of the characters of transversus - their ensemble will always be sufficient to separate transversus from rimosus.

Description

Worker

Kempf 1966 Cyphomyrmex 1-13.jpg

Kempf (1966) - Total length 2.7-3.4 mm; head length 0.67-0.83 mm; head width 0.64-0.80 mm; thorax length 0.88-1.09 mm; hind femur length 0.69-0.83 mm. Uniformly yellowish brown to more or less fuscous brown; especially cephalic dorsum and gaster are occasionally more distinctly infuscated. Integument finely and densely punctate-granulate, opaque.

Head (fig 12). Mandibles reticulate-striolate and somewhat shining. Clypeus having the anterior border either straight or slightly concave, bearing on its corners a weak, blunt tooth. Frontal area impressed, without hairs. Frontal lobes semicircular, greatly expanded laterad; frontal carinae a bit sinuous and diverging caudad, attaining the slightly produced occipital corner. Midfrontal tumulus and transverse frontal groove extremely feeble; head disc nearly flat. Paired carinae on vertex blunt, low, extremely weak to vestigial. Preocular carina curving mesad above eye, not joining up with the feeble carina extending from the occipital lobe foreward to the postero-inferior border of eye. The latter with about 9-10 facets across its greatest diameter. Supraocular tubercle usually weak, contained in, and marked as a blunt angle of, the postocular carina. Inferior border of cheeks sharply marginate. Scape in repose surpassing the occipital corner by a distance subequal to its maximum width. Funicular segments II-IX not longer than broad; segment I a bit longer than II and III combined.

Thorax (fig 24). Pronotum dorsally with four tubercles, the median pair smallest; antero-inferior corner with a prominent tooth; sides of dorsal disc feebly marginate in front of the blunt, lateral tubercles. Mesonotum shallowly impressed, flanked by two pairs of low, ridge or welt-like tubercles; both the anterior and the posterior pair often fused to each other forming transverse, semicircular ridges, somehow imitating the condition obtained in peltatus and dentatus. Mesoepinotal constriction usually rather shallow in profile, forming an extremely blunt angle. Basal face of epinotum subquadrate, laterally bluntly marginate, each side bituberculate, the anterior tubercle obtuse, the posterior usually more prominent and tooth-like, situated below the level of basal face on the upper third of the declivous face. Basal third of hind femora gradually incrassate on flexor face, then forming an obtuse angle; the distal two thirds attenuate; posterior border of flexor face sharply marginate or even carinulate especially on bent.

Pedicel (fig 24, 30). Petiolar node strikingly transverse, about thrice as broad as long, lacking a dorsally produced crest and teeth on posterior border; strongly constricted in front of postpetiolar insertion. Postpetiole likewise rather broad, with a usually deeply impressed midlongitudinal groove and a shorter and broader groove posteriorly on each side. Tergum I of gaster with an antero-median groove, at least as long as petiole and hairless; lateral borders of same tergum distinctly marginate.

Body hairs squamate and reclinate, unusually short, thick and conspicuous on head, thoracic dorsum and gaster; narrow, squamate and appressed hairs on scapes and legs.

  • Kempf (1964) Figs. 14-26

    Kempf (1964) Figs. 14-26

  • Kempf (1964) Figs. 27-50

    Kempf (1964) Figs. 27-50

Queen

Kempf (1966) - Total length 3.5-4.2 mm; head length 0.80-0.93 mm; head width 0.76-0.88 mm; thorax length 1.09-1.33 mm; hind femur length 0.80-1.04 mm. This caste resembles quite closely that of Cyphomyrmex rimosus. The lateral ocelli, not prominent nor placed on raised ridges; the distinctly dentate antero-inferior corner of pronotum; the always well developed and salient epinotal spines; the striking width of the pedicelar segments, even better expressed in this caste than in the worker; the deep longitudinal furrow on the postpetiolar dorsum, distinguish transversus from rimosus. The squamate body hairs are of the same kind as in worker. Wings infuscated, venation as represented by Kusnezov (1949, pl. 1, fig. 15).

Male

Kempf (1966) - There is a scant diagnosis of this caste in Wheeler (1907: 724).

Karyotype

  • n = 12, 2n = 24, karyotype = 14M+6SM+4A (French Guiana) (Aguiar et al., 2020).
  • n = 21, 2n = 42, karyotype = 28M+14SM (Brazil) (Cardoso & Cristiano, 2021).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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  • Ramos L. de S., R. Zanetti, C. G. S. Marinho, J. H. C. Delabie, M. N. Schlindwein, and R. P. Almado. 2004. Impact of mechanical and chemical weedings of Eucalyptus grandis undergrowth on an ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Árvore 28(1): 139-146.
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  • Santschi F. 1933. Fourmis de la République Argentine en particulier du territoire de Misiones. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. 116: 105-124.
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  • Wheeler W. M. 1925. Neotropical ants in the collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Arkiv för Zoologi 17A(8): 1-55.
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