Neoponera crenata

AntWiki: The Ants --- Online
Neoponera crenata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Ponerinae
Tribe: Ponerini
Genus: Neoponera
Species: N. crenata
Binomial name
Neoponera crenata
(Roger, 1861)

Pachycondyla crenata casent0178178 profile 1.jpg

Pachycondyla crenata casent0178178 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

This species usually nests in hollow twigs, including in bamboo, but can be found in damaged areas of living trees and in logs and in trunks. De Oliveira et al. (2015), studying ant occupancy of Cecropia in southwest Bahia, Brazil, found two colonies of Neoponera crenata nesting in Cecropia trees.

Identification

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): Workers of N. crenata could be easily confused with Neoponera moesta, which is found from Guatemala south to Argentina. The shape of the petiole as seen from above is the best character to separate the two species. Neoponera crenata has the petiole strongly narrowed anteriorly (seen from above), whereas it is blunt and rounded in N. moesta. The worker of N. crenata can often be separated from that of N. moesta as the malar carina is more developed, as is the pronotal carina and the dorsal face of the propodeum slopes downward anteriorly. The malar and pronotal carinae are poorly developed in N. moesta and the dorsum of the petiole forms a convex horizontal surface. Neoponera crenata can be separated from the other members of the crenata species complex, as the pronotal carina is not as sharp and does not extend over the side of the pronotum (seen from behind).

Wheeler and Wheeler (1974) provide characteristics to separate the larvae of N. crenata from those of N. moesta.

Neoponera crenata is similar to the Paraguayan Neoponera fiebrigi and Brasilian Neoponera latinoda, but differs in being smaller (the total length of the other two is 8.5 - 10 mm) and in having a relatively longer petiolar node (0.55 mm in length, 0.65 mm in width, versus length 0.7 mm, width 1.05 mm in N. fiebrigi).

Neoponera crenata (as well as the related species) could be confused with Neoponera holcotyle as the petioles are very similar in shape. Neoponera crenata can be easily separated by the presence of a malar carina (absent in N. holcotyle) and the lack of striae on the side and petiole (present in N. holcotyle).

The relatively small size, the brown color, together with the thick petiole, would separate the male of N. crenata from most of the others in the genus. Neoponera crenata males would be most likely confused with males of N. moesta, but can be separated as males of N. moesta lack the concave region on the lower surface of the petiole. Additionally the clypeus is less swollen in N. crenata and does not overhang the anterior edge of the clypeus as it does in N. moesta. The apex of the petiole is broadly rounded in N. crenata, not angulate as in N. moesta. The third discoidal cell of the wing of N. crenata is not as long (longest diagonal length of cell 0.41 mm) and is strongly narrowed anteriorly as compared to the third discoidal cell of N. moesta (length 0.63 mm).

Both Longino (website) and Wild (2005) consider N. crenata to be a variable species or possibly a species complex. Once N. moesta, Neoponera globularia, N. latinoda and N. fiebrigi are recognized as being different, it becomes much more homogeneous.

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 25.68015° to -30.45°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (type locality), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela.

Central America through central South America (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
pChart

Habitat

This species occurs in wet forest and rain forest, secondary rain forest, a guava plantation, a cacao plantation and disturbed areas, between 5 - 1700 meters and in grasslands (Quiroz-Robledo and Valenzuela -González, 1995). (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

Biology

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): One nest was in a damaged guava tree, still containing beetle larvae, four meters from the ground. Colonies are usually small, with fewer than 20 workers. One complete nest had a single queen. Brood was collected in nests in July (Nicaragua), August (Costa Rica) and December (Colombia). Males and females were collected in nests in April and May (México), July (Ecuador) and September (Costa Rica). An alate female and a loose male were collected in July (Costa Rica). A dealate queen with brood was found in July (Nicaragua). An alate female was collected in a malaise trap in November (Colombia). Specimens are often collected in extractions of sifted leaf litter, mold and rotten wood. Workers can be seen foraging on trees and vegetation.

Workers are extremely fast and often exit the nest without taking the brood when a nest is collected. It is difficult to collect many specimens. One captured worker was unable to penetrate a finger with the stinger. Colonies from French Guiana were nesting in the ant-plant genus Tococa [Melastomataceae]. Data labels state they are found in Tococa formicaria and Cecropia insignis. Specimens from Colombia and Venezuela were intercepted on Catleya [Orchidaceae] orchids [USNM]. Wheeler (1942) found this species nesting in the domatia of Cordia alliodora [Boraginaceae] (N. moesta), in the petiolar swellings of Triplaris paniculata [Polygonaceae], in the branches of Cecropia sciadophylla var. decurrens [Cecropiaceae] (N. crenata [= Pachycondyla stipitum]), in dried fruit of Bromelia fastuosa [Bromeliaceae] and B. epiphytica (N. crenata and Neoponera moesta), in hollow petioles of Tachigalia paniculata [Leguminosae], in cauline swellings of Cordia gerascanthus and in bamboo, occupying the nests made by the ant Camponotus alboannulatus (N. crenata and N. moesta). This species lives in the epiphyte Tillandsia bulbosa [Bromeliaceae] (Dejean et al., 1995).

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Cataclinusa bucki (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps australis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Castes

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • crenata. Ponera crenata Roger, 1861a: 3.
    • Replacement name for Ponera pallipes Smith, F. 1858b: 98. [Junior primary homonym of Ponera pallipes Smith, F. 1858b: 87.]
    • Mayr, 1887: 534 (w.); Santschi, 1921g: 85 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1974g: 278 (l.).
    • Combination in Pachycondyla: Roger, 1863b: 18; Brown, in Bolton, 1995b: 304;
    • combination in Neoponera: Emery, 1911d: 73; Santschi, 1921g: 85; Schmidt, C.A. & Shattuck, 2014: 151.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Dalla Torre, 1893: 34.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 18; Mayr, 1863: 448; Mayr, 1865: 65; Mayr, 1887: 534; Emery, 1890a: 73 (in key); Emery, 1911d: 73; Bruch, 1914: 214; Mann, 1916: 413; Gallardo, 1918b: 59; Luederwaldt, 1918: 35; Santschi, 1919f: 38; Santschi, 1921g: 85; Wheeler, W.M. 1921f: 138; Mann, 1922: 7; Borgmeier, 1923: 65; Wheeler, W.M. 1934g: 161; Eidmann, 1936a: 33; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 155; Brown, 1957e: 233; Kusnezov, 1969: 36 (in key); Kempf, 1970b: 326; Kempf, 1972a: 161; Kempf & Lenko, 1976: 53; Bolton, 1995b: 304; Wild, 2002: 8; Mariano, et al. 2006: 278; Wild, 2007b: 39; Mackay, Mackay, et al. 2008: 190; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 288 (redescription); Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 263; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 123; Feitosa, 2015c: 99; Fernández & Guerrero, 2019: 533.
    • Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela.
  • pallipes. Ponera pallipes Smith, F. 1858b: 98 (q.) BRAZIL (Pará).
    • Type-material: holotype queen.
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Pará (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: BMNH (absent from collection, apparently lost).
    • [Misspelled as pallidipes by Dalla Torre, 1893: 34, Forel, 1908c: 345, and others.]
    • [Junior primary homonym of Ponera pallipes Smith, F. 1858b: 87.]
    • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 449; Mayr, 1886c: 358; Emery, 1890b: 42; Dalla Torre, 1893: 34; Forel, 1895b: 115; Forel, 1899c: 13; Emery, 1901a: 47; Forel, 1901f: 349; Forel, 1901h: 45; Emery, 1906c: 114; Forel, 1906d: 248; Forel, 1907a: 7; Forel, 1908c: 345.
    • Replacement name: Ponera crenata Roger, 1861a: 3.

Type Material

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Ponera pallipes

Holotype male in The Natural History Museum. Labelled “Java. 46/108.” Acc. Reg.: “1846 no. 108. Java. Purchased of Argent.” Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The worker is a relatively small ant (total length about 6 mm) reddish brown with pale brown appendages. The anterior medial region of the clypeus is bluntly protuberant; the eyes are very large (maximum diameter 0.36 mm), about three times in diameter as the length between the anterior border and the anterior margin of the head (side view). A poorly defined malar carina is located between the eye and the clypeus. The pronotal carina is present, but poorly developed, the metanotal suture barely breaks the integument on the dorsum of the mesosoma. The propodeal spiracle is elongated; the petiole is thickened when viewed in profile and somewhat cuboidal-shaped with the anterior and posterior faces being nearly parallel and with a definite dorsal face. The anterior face is straight, the dorsal face and the posterior face are convex and rounded. The petiole is strongly narrowed anteriorly (viewed from above). The stridulatory file is present on the second pretergite on the dorsum of the gaster, but is poorly developed. Erect hairs are abundant on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head, the dorsum of the mesosoma, the dorsal and posterior faces of the petiole and all surfaces of the gaster; the hairs on the tibiae are mostly suberect. Appressed pubescence is mostly sparse, a few hairs are present on the head, dorsum of the mesosoma, dorsum of the petiole and dorsum of the gaster, where they are moderately abundant.

The head and the dorsum of the mesosoma are punctate, appearing like the surface of a thimble, the side of the pronotum is weakly punctate and moderately smooth and glossy, the mesopleuron is mostly smooth and glossy, the side of the propodeum has poorly defined striae and is weakly shining. The petiole is punctate on the sides and the top, the posterior face is mostly smooth and glossy, the dorsum of the gaster is finely punctate and moderately smooth and glossy.

Queen

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The female is a small (total length 7 - 8 mm) reddish brown ant with slightly lighter colored appendages. The mandibles have approximately 11 teeth; the clypeus has a lobed medial process which overhangs the anteclypeus. The surface of the process is longitudinally concave. The malar carina is well developed and extends completely to the eye, which is large (maximum diameter 0.5 mm) and located about ½ diameter from the anterior margin of the head. The scape extends approximately the first funicular segment past the posterior lateral corner of the head. The carina on the pronotal shoulder is sharp and well developed and overhangs the side of the pronotum. The petiole is thick when viewed in profile and noticeably narrowed anteriorly when viewed from above. The subpetiolar process is poorly developed and forms a ventrally directed sharp angle followed by a concave region and finally by a swollen region approximately in the middle of the surface. The wing is typical for the genus, but with the third discoidal cell being somewhat elongated.

Relatively short (0.1 mm) erect hairs are abundant on most surfaces of the mandibles, dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head, scapes, mesosoma, petiole and gaster, the hairs on the legs are mostly suberect. Fine appressed whitish pubescence is present on the dorsum of the head, dorsum of the mesosoma, dorsum and anterior face of the petiole and all surfaces of the gaster.

The mandibles are finely striated with scattered punctures, the median lobe of the clypeus has fine longitudinal striae, the frontal lobes and dorsum of the head are covered with dense coarse punctures, the pronotum and dorsum of the remainder of the mesosoma have similar punctures, the sides of the mesosoma have a mixture of punctures with striae, the petiole is slightly punctated as is the gaster, most surfaces are dull to moderately shining, the posterior face of the petiole is smooth and glossy.

Male

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The male is a small (total length 5 mm) brown specimen. The anterior border of the clypeus is straight or slightly convex, the clypeus is swollen medially, but does not form an angulate structure and the eyes are large, occupying more than ½ of the sides of the head. The medial ocellus is intermediate in size (Brasil, maximum diameter 0.11 mm) to large (Costa Rica, maximum diameter 0.16 mm), the lateral ocelli extend slightly past the posterior lateral margin of the head (Brasil) or well beyond (Costa Rica). The location of the malar carina is slightly raised, but a definite carina is not evident. The pronotal shoulder is not swollen into a carina. The propodeal spiracle is slit-shaped. The petiole is broad when viewed in profile with a rounded apex. The subpetiolar process is characteristic of this species and is formed by a sharp anterior angle, a concave surface and a posterior swollen region. The wing is similar to that of the female.

Erect hairs are sparse, a few are present between the eye and the lateral ocellus, on the clypeus, on the dorsum of the mesosoma, dorsum of the petiole and all surfaces of the gaster, most hairs on the legs are suberect. Appressed pubescence is present on the head, the dorsum of the mesosoma, anterior and dorsal faces of the petiole and all surfaces of the gaster.

The surface of the head is finely coriaceous and moderately to strongly shining, the dorsum of the mesosoma is finely coriaceous to punctate or with poorly defined striae and moderately shining, the side of the pronotum is nearly glossy and shining, as is the mesopleuron, the side of the propodeum is irregularly striate and dull. The petiole is finely sculptured and at least moderately to strongly shining. The gaster is coriaceous and shining.

Karyotype

  • n = 13, 2n = 26, karyotype = 2M+24A (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2006a; Mariano et al., 2007; Mariano et al., 2011; Mariano et al., 2015) (as Pachycondyla crenata).

Etymology

The name of this species is based on the Latin word crenatus, meaning toothed, possibly referring to the angulate medial clypeal process which overhangs the anteclypeus of the worker (and female) of this species. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Adams B. J., S. A. Schnitzer, and S. P. Yanoviak. 2016. Trees as islands: canopy ant species richness increases with the size of liana-free trees in a Neotropical forest. Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.02608
  • Adams B. J., S. A. Schnitzer, and S. P. Yanoviak. 2019. Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: a large-scale experimental approach. Ecology 100(6): e02673.
  • Basset Y., L. Cizek, P. Cuenoud, R. K. Didham, F. Guilhaumon, O. Missa, V. Novotny, F. Odegaards, T. Roslin, J. Schmidl et al. 2012. Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science 338(6113): 1481-1484.
  • Borgmeier T. 1923. Catalogo systematico e synonymico das formigas do Brasil. 1 parte. Subfam. Dorylinae, Cerapachyinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae. Archivos do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro) 24: 33-103.
  • Brown W. L., Jr. 1957. Biological investigations in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. 4. Ants from Laguna Ocotal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 116: 228-237.
  • Caldart V. M., S. Iop, J. A. Lutinski, and F. R. Mello Garcia. 2012. Ants diversity (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the urban perimeter of Chapecó county, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 14 (1, 2, 3): 81-94.
  • Castano-Meneses, G., M. Vasquez-Bolanos, J. L. Navarrete-Heredia, G. A. Quiroz-Rocha, and I. Alcala-Martinez. 2015. Avances de Formicidae de Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
  • Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
  • Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3) :325-331
  • Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3):325-331
  • Del Toro, I., M. Vázquez, W.P. Mackay, P. Rojas and R. Zapata-Mata. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Tabasco: explorando la diversidad de la mirmecofauna en las selvas tropicales de baja altitud. Dugesiana 16(1):1-14.
  • Drose W., L. R. Podgaiski, C. Fagundes Dias, M. de Souza Mendonca. 2019. Local and regional drivers of ant communities in forest-grassland ecotones in South Brazil: A taxonomic and phylogenetic approach. Plos ONE 14(4): e0215310.
  • Eidmann H. 1936. Ökologisch-faunistische Studien an südbrasilianischen Ameisen. [part]. Arb. Physiol. Angew. Entomol. Berl.-Dahl. 3: 26-48.
  • Favretto M. A., E. Bortolon dos Santos, and C. J. Geuster. 2013. Entomofauna from West of Santa Catarina State, South of Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 6 (1): 42-63.
  • Fernandes T. T., R. R. Silva, D. Rodrigues de Souza-Campana, O. Guilherme Morais da Silva, and M. Santina de Castro Morini. 2019. Winged ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) presence in twigs on the leaf litter of Atlantic Forest. Biota Neotropica 19(3): http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0694
  • Fernandes T. T., R. Rosa da Silva, D. Rodrigues de Souza, N. Araujo, and M. Santina de Castro Morini. 2012. Undecomposed Twigs in the Leaf Litter as Nest-Building Resources for Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Areas of the Atlantic Forest in the Southeastern Region of Brazil. Psyche doi:10.1155/2012/896473
  • Fernandes T. T., W. Dattilo, R. R. Silva, P. Luna, C. M. Oliveira, and M. Santina de Castro Morini. 2019. Ant occupation of twigs in the leaf litter of the Atlantic Forest: influence of the environment and external twig structure. Tropical Conservation Science 12: 1-9.
  • Fernandes, P.R. XXXX. Los hormigas del suelo en Mexico: Diversidad, distribucion e importancia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
  • Fernández F. 2008. Subfamilia Ponerinae s.str. Pp. 123-218 in: Jiménez, E.; Fernández, F.; Arias, T.M.; Lozano-Zambrano F. H. (eds.) 2008. Sistemática, biogeografía y conservación de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xiv + 609 pp.
  • Fernández F., and T. M. Arias-Penna. 2008. Las hormigas cazadoras en la región Neotropical. Pp. 3-39 in: Jiménez, E.; Fernández, F.; Arias, T.M.; Lozano-Zambrano, F. H. (eds.) 2008. Sistemática, biogeografía y conservación de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xiv + 609 pp.
  • Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
  • Forel A. 1901. Nouvelles espèces de Ponerinae. (Avec un nouveau sous-genre et une espèce nouvelle d'Eciton). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 9: 325-353.
  • Forel A. 1906. Fourmis néotropiques nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 50: 225-249.
  • Franco W., N. Ladino, J. H. C. Delabie, A. Dejean, J. Orivel, M. Fichaux, S. Groc, M. Leponce, and R. M. Feitosa. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674(5): 509-543.
  • Gallardo A. 1918. Las hormigas de la República Argentina. Subfamilia Ponerinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 30: 1-112.
  • INBio Collection (via Gbif)
  • Ilha C., J. A. Lutinski, D. Von Muller Pereira, F. R. Mello Garcia. 2009. Riqueza de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Bacia da Sanga Caramuru, municipio de Chapeco-SC. Biotemas 22(4): 95-105.
  • Kempf W. W. 1959. Insecta Amapaensia. - Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Studia Entomologica (n.s.)2: 209-218.
  • Kempf W. W., and K. Lenko. 1976. Levantamento da formicifauna no litoral norte e ilhas adjacentes do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. I. Subfamilias Dorylinae, Ponerinae e Pseudomyrmecinae (Hym., Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 19: 45-66.
  • Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
  • Kusnezov N. 1978. Hormigas argentinas: clave para su identificación. Miscelánea. Instituto Miguel Lillo 61:1-147 + 28 pl.
  • Lachaud J. P., P. Cerdan, and G. Perez-Lachaud. 2012. Poneromorph ants associated with parasitoid wasps of the genus Kapala Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) in French Guiana. Psyche doi:10.1155/2012/393486.
  • Leal I. R. and B. Cortes Lopes. 1992. Estrutura das comunidades de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de solo e vegetacao no morro da lagoa de conceicao, Ilha de Santa Catarina, SC. Capa 5(1): 107-122.
  • Longino J. T. L., and M. G. Branstetter. 2018. The truncated bell: an enigmatic but pervasive elevational diversity pattern in Middle American ants. Ecography 41: 1-12.
  • Longino J. et al. ADMAC project. Accessed on March 24th 2017 at https://sites.google.com/site/admacsite/
  • Luederwaldt H. 1918. Notas myrmecologicas. Rev. Mus. Paul. 10: 29-64.
  • Lutinski J. A., B. C. Lopes, and A. B. B.de Morais. 2013. Diversidade de formigas urbanas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de dez cidades do sul do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 13(3): 332-342.
  • Lutinski J. A., F. R. Mello Garcia, C. J. Lutinska, and S. Iop. 2008. Ants diversity in Floresta Nacional de Chapecó in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria 38(7): 1810-1816.
  • Mackay, W.P. and E.E. MacKay. 2010. The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston, NY
  • Mentone T. O., E. A. Diniz, C. B. Munhae, O. C. Bueno, and M. S. C. Morini. 2011. Composition of ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at litter in areas of semi-deciduous forest and Eucalyptus spp., in Southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 11(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v11n2/en/abstract?inventory+bn00511022011.
  • Munhae C. B., Z. A. F. N. Bueno, M. S. C. Morini, and R. R. Silva. 2009. Composition of the Ant Fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Public Squares in Southern Brazil. Sociobiology 53(2B): 455-472.
  • Navarro, E.V. Vergara, H. Echavarria Sanchez, F.J. Serna Cardona. 2007. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociadas al arboretum de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellin. Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 40:497-505.
  • Oliveira Mentone T. de, E. A. Diniz, C. de Bortoli Munhae, O. Correa Bueno and M. S. de Castro Morini. 2012. Composition of ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at litter in areas of semi-deciduous forest and Eucalyptus spp., in Southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop 11(2): 237-246.
  • Ramirez M., J. Montoya-Lerma, and I. Armbrecht. 2010. Fodder banks: Does cyclic pruning influence soil ant richness (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)? AVANCES EN INVESTIGACIÓN AGROPECUARIA 13(3): 47-66.
  • Rosa da Silva R. 1999. Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) do oeste de Santa Catarina: historico das coletas e lista atualizada das especies do Estado de Santa Catarina. Biotemas 12(2): 75-100.
  • Rosa da Silva R., and B. Cortes Lopes. 1997. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Atlantic rainforest at Santa Catarina Island, Brazil: two years of sampling. Rev. Biol. Trop. 45(4): 1641-1648.
  • Rosumek, F.B., M.A. Ulyssea, B.C. Lopes, J. Steiner. 2008. Formigas de solo e de bromélias em uma área de Mata Atlântica, Ilha de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil: Levantamento de espécies e novos registros. Revista Biotemas 21(4):81-89.
  • Santos M. S., J. N. C. Louzada, N. Dias, R. Zanetti, J. H. C. Delabie, and I. C. Nascimento. 2006. Litter ants richness (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in remnants of a semi-deciduous forest in the Atlantic rain forest, Alto do Rio Grande region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 96(1): 95-101.
  • Santschi F. 1921. Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres formicides néotropiques. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 54: 81-103.
  • Smith M. A., W. Hallwachs, D. H. Janzen. 2014. Diversity and phylogenetic community structure of ants along a Costa Rican elevational gradient. Ecography 37(8): 720-731.
  • Souza D. R. de., T. T. Fernandes, J. R. de Oloveira Nascimento, S. S. Suguituru, and M. S. de C. Morini. 2012. Characterization of ant communities (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in twigs in the leaf litter of the Atlantic rainforest and Eucalyptus trees in the southeast region of Brazil. Psyche 2012(532768): 1-12
  • Suguituru S. S., M. Santina de Castro Morini, R. M. Feitosa, and R. Rosa da Silva. 2015. Formigas do Alto Tiete. Canal 6 Editora 458 pages
  • Suguituru S. S., R. Rosa Silva, D. R. de Souza, C. de Bortoli Munhae, and M. Santina de Castro Morini. Ant community richness and composition across a gradient from Eucalyptus plantations to secondary Atlantic Forest. Biota Neotrop. 11(1): 369-376.
  • Ulyssea M. A., B. C. Lopes, A. Zillidens, J. Steiner. 2007. Ants associated to Nidularium innocentii and Aechmea lindenii (Bromeliaceae) in atlantic rainforest in southern Brazil. Biológico, São Paulo 69(2): 319-324.
  • Ulyssea M.A., C. E. Cereto, F. B. Rosumek, R. R. Silva, and B. C. Lopes. 2011. Updated list of ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) recorded in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, with a discussion of research advances and priorities. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55(4): 603-–611.
  • Valdes-Rodriguez S., P. Chacon de Ulloa, and I. Armbrecht. 2014. Soil ant species in Gorgona Island, Colombian Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 265-276.
  • Vásquez-Bolaños M. 2011. Lista de especies de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para México. Dugesiana 18: 95-133
  • Wheeler W. M. 1921. The Tachigalia ants. Zoologica (New York) 3: 137-168.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1934. Neotropical ants collected by Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra and others. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 77: 157-240.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1942. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 90: 1-262.
  • Wild A. L. 2002. The genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 1-18
  • Wild, A. L. "A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 1622 (2007): 1-55.
  • de Souza J. L. P., F. B. Baccarob, V. L. Landeirob, E. Franklinc, and W. E. Magnussonc. 2012. Trade-offs between complementarity and redundancy in the use of different sampling techniques for ground-dwelling ant assemblages. Applied Soil Ecology 56: 63– 73.
  • do Nascimento, I.C. 2006. Fenologia dos Voos de Acasalamento em Formigas Tropicais