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Orectognathus
| Orectognathus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Orectognathus antennatus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Attini |
| Genus: | Orectognathus Smith, F., 1853 |
| Type species | |
| Orectognathus antennatus | |
| Diversity | |
| 29 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country)
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| Synonyms | |
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Bolton 2000 - What little is known of the general biology is summarised by Brown (1953). Of the 29 described species (Taylor, 1980) one, Orectognathus versicolor, has evolved worker polymorphism. Division of labour in this species has been studied by Carlin (1982) and contrasted with the worker polyethism described by Wilson (1962) in the polymorphic Daceton armigerum. Holldobler (1982) has shown that O. versicolor is also a trail-layer, a rare feature among the dacetines.
| At a Glance | • Trap-Jaw |
Identification
Heterick (2009) - Workers with five-segmented antenna, with the third segment much more elongate than the remaining segments of the flagellum. The mandibles are of the trap-jaw variety, long and thin.
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See images of species within this genus |
Keys including this Genus
Keys to Species in this Genus
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
| Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | 0 | 19 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total Species | 2840 | 1735 | 3042 | 932 | 835 | 4378 | 1740 | 2862 |
Biology
Life History Traits
- Mean colony size: "usually less than 60" to 104 (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: predator (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Morphology
Worker Morphology
Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
• Eyes: 11->100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: dentiform; present • Mesonotal Spines: absent; dentiform • Propodeal Spines: dentiform; present • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent
Karyotype
All Karyotype Records for Genus
- Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
| Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orectognathus clarki | 30 | Australia | Crozier, 1968d | |||
| Orectognathus darlingtoni | 11 | 22 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | ||
| Orectognathus versicolor | 11 | 22 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 |
Phylogeny
| Myrmicinae |
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See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- ORECTOGNATHUS [Myrmicinae: Dacetini]
- Orectognathus Smith, F. 1853: 227. Type-species: Orectognathus antennatus, by monotypy.
- Orectognathus senior synonym of Arnoldidris: Taylor, 1977: 581; Bolton, 1999: 1655; Bolton, 2000: 19.
- ARNOLDIDRIS [junior synonym of Orectognathus]
- Arnoldidris Brown, 1950c: 143. Type-species: Orectognathus chyzeri, by original designation.
- Arnoldidris junior synonym of Orectognathus: Taylor, 1977: 581; Bolton, 1999: 1655.
Bolton (2000) - Workers Mandibles linear and elongate, with kinetic mode of action , each with an apical fork of 3 spiniform teeth that interlock at full closure. Mandibles at full gape open to 170 degrees or more. Basal process of mandible a curved spur; at full mandibular closure process is dorsal to labrum and fits into a mediodorsal impression on labrum. Palp formula 5, 3. Labrum roughly T-shaped , short and not capable of reflexing to conceal the labio-maxillary complex , which is permanently exposed. Each lateral labral arm locks into a deep emargination near the inner mandibular base. A single long trigger hair arises from each transverse arm of the T-shaped labrum. Eye not located ventrolaterally on side of head. Antenna with 5 segments, of which the second funicular segment (= third antennal) is an elongate bar-like fusion segment; with a weakly differentiated apical club of 2 segments. Scape, when laid back in its normal resting position , passes above the eye; apical portion of extended scape not to distinctly curved anteriorly when seen in full-face view; scape slightly downcurved near base. Scrobe absent to weakly present. Pronotal humeri and mesonotum armed or unarmed, the former more usual. Propodeal spiracle well in front of margin of declivity, at approximately the midheight of the sclerite. Metapleural gland bulla small, with its apex widely separated from the propodeal spiracle. Waist segments without spongiform tissue and without lateral laminar cuticular processes; petiole node unarmed to bidentate; postpetiolar spiracle lateral. Limbus absent from first gastral tergite; suture between first gastral tergite and sternite rounded laterobasally; basigastral costulae absent.
Baroni Urbani & De Andrade (2007) - Only one, convincing, synapomorphy is known for this genus: the hypertrophy of the second funicular joint of workers and gynes (CI 1.00, RI 0.00).
References
- Baroni Urbani, C. & De Andrade, M.L. 2007. The ant tribe Dacetini: limits and constituent genera, with descriptions of new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”. 99:1-191.
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 384, Orectognathus in Cryptoceridae, Dacetonini)
- Bolton, B. 1999. Ant genera of the tribe Dacetonini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 3 33: 1639-1689 (page 1655, Orectognathus senior synonym of Arnoldidris)
- Bolton, B. 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 65: 1-1028 (page 19, Orectognathus senior synonym of Arnoldidris)
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 188, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1948e. A preliminary generic revision of the higher Dacetini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 74: 101-129 (page 102, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1953k. A revision of the dacetine ant genus Orectognathus. Mem. Qld. Mus. 13: 84-104 (page 84, Revision of genus)
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958b [1957]. A supplement to the revisions of the dacetine ant genera Orectognathus and Arnoldidris, with keys to the species. Psyche (Camb.) 64: 17-29 (page 17, Revision of genus)
- Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
- Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
- Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 148, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae)
- Emery, C. 1877b. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mirmicidei, e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 9: 67-83 (page 81, Orectognathus in Myrmicidae, Cryptoceridae)
- Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 770, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 42, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 318, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Forel, A. 1892d. Attini und Cryptocerini. Zwei neue Apterostigma-Arten. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 8: 344-349 (page 344, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 164, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 246, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Hanisch, P.E., Sosa-Calvo, J., Schultz, T.R. 2022. The last piece of the puzzle? Phylogenetic position and natural history of the monotypic fungus-farming ant genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini). Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1): 11:1-17 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixab029).
- Jansen, G., Savolainen, R. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160(3), 482–495 (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00604.x).
- Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 26, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Smith, F. 1853 [1854]. Monograph of the genus Cryptocerus, belonging to the group Cryptoceridae - family Myrmicidae - division Hymenoptera Heterogyna. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2) 2: 213-228 (page 227, Orectognathus as genus; Orectognathus in Myrmicidae, Cryptoceridae)
- Smith, F. 1858b. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. (page 161, Orectognathus in Poneridae, Myrmicidae)
- Taylor, R. W. 1977. New ants of the Australasian genus Orectognathus, with a key to the known species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 25: 581-612 (page 581, Orectognathus senior synonym of Arnoldidris; page 585, Revision of genus)
- Taylor, R. W. 1978b. A taxonomic guide to the ant genus Orectognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO Div. Entomol. Rep. 3: 1-11 (page 1, Revision of genus)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 141, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 666, Orectognathus in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)