Acromyrmex brunneus

Acromyrmex brunneus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Acromyrmex
Species:	A. brunneus
Binomial name
Acromyrmex brunneus (Forel, 1912)

This species is parasitized by the inquiline Acromyrmex ameliae.

Distribution

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Brazil (type locality).

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Biology

Explore Fungus Growing  For additional details see Fungus growing ants. A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source. These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius). The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3. Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category): Nest Construction A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests. some Crematogaster some Lasius Lower Agriculture Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae. some Apterostigma Cyatta (1 species) some Cyphomyrmex Kalathomyrmex (1 species) Mycocepurus (6 species) Myrmicocrypta (31 species) Mycetarotes (4 species) Mycetosoritis (2 species) Mycetophylax (21 species) Paramycetophylax (1 species) Xerolitor (1 species) Coral Fungus Agriculture Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae. some Apterostigma Yeast Agriculture Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi. some Cyphomyrmex Generalized Higher Agriculture Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi. Mycetomoellerius (31 species) Paratrachymyrmex (9 species) Sericomyrmex (11 species) Trachymyrmex (9 species) Leaf-Cutter Agriculture A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus. Acromyrmex (56 species) Amoimyrmex (3 species) Atta (20 species) Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• brunneus. Atta (Acromyrmex) subterranea var. brunnea Forel, 1912e: 181.
  • [First available use of Atta (Acromyrmex) coronata subsp. subterranea var. brunnea Forel, 1911c: 291 (w.q.m.) BRAZIL (Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, Ceará); unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-localities: Brazil: Santa Catarina, Blumenau (A. Möller) (invalid restriction of type-locality by Kempf, 1972a: 15; no lectotype designated), Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (H. Nägeli), Brazil: Ceará (F. Diaz da Rocha).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Atta brunnea Patton, 1894: 618 (Bolton, 1995b: 54).]
  • Combination in Acromyrmex: Luederwaldt, 1918: 39.
  • Subspecies of subterraneus: Luederwaldt, 1918: 39; Emery, 1924d: 350; Santschi, 1925a: 372; Borgmeier, 1927c: 135; Santschi, 1937f: 231 (in key); Santschi, 1939f: 166; Gonçalves, 1961: 167; Kempf, 1972a: 15; Bolton, 1995b: 54.
  • Junior synonym of subterraneus: Fernández, et al. 2015: 92.
  • Status as species: Forti, Andrade, et al. 2022: 8.
  • Distribution: Brazil.

References

• Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. (page 54, catalogue)
• Camargo, R. S.; Forti, L. C.; de Andrade, A. P. P.; de Matos, C. A. O.; Lopes, J. F. S. 2005. Morphometry of the sexual forms of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel, 1911 (Hym., Formicidae) in queenright and queenless laboratory colonies. J. Appl. Ent (page 347, see also)
• Camargo, R. S.; Forti, L. C.; De Andrade, A. P. P.; de Matos, C. A. O.; Lopes, J. F. S. 2005. Morphometry of the sexual forms of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel, 1911 (Hym., Formicidae) in queenright and queenless laboratory colonies. J. Appl. Entomol. 129: 347-351.
• De Souza, D. J., I. M. F. Soares and T. M. C. Della Lucia. 2007. Acromyrmex ameliae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A new social parasite of leaf-cutting ants in Brazil. Insect Science. 14:251-257.
• Forel, A. 1911e. Ameisen des Herrn Prof. v. Ihering aus Brasilien (Sao Paulo usw.) nebst einigen anderen aus Südamerika und Afrika (Hym.). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1911: 285-312 (page 291, first available use of Atta (Acromyrmex) coronata subsp. subterranea var. brunnea)
• Forel, A. 1912f. Formicides néotropiques. Part II. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae Lep. (Attini, Dacetii, Cryptocerini). Mém. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 19: 179-209 (page 181, worker, queen, male described)
• Forti, L.C., Andrade, A.P.P., da Silva Camargo, R., Filho, T.M.M.M., Scudillio, T.T., Zanuncio, J.C., Sousa, K.K.A., Caldato, N. 2022. Taxonomic revision of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel, 1893). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science (doi:10.1007/s42690-022-00815-5).
• Gonçalves, C. R. 1961. O genero Acromyrmex no Brasil (Hym. Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 4: 113-180 (page 167, subspecies of subterraneus)
• Kempf, W. W. 1972b. Catálogo abreviado das formigas da regia~o Neotropical. Stud. Entomol. 15: 3-344 (page 15, subspecies of subterraneus)
• Luederwaldt, H. 1918. Notas myrmecologicas. Rev. Mus. Paul. 10: 29-64 (page 39, Combination in Acromyrmex)
• Patton, W. H. 1894. Habits of the leaping-ant of southern Georgia. Am. Nat. 28: 618-619 (page 618, unresolved junior primary homonym of Atta brunnea (now in Odontomachus))
• Pikart, T. G., P. G. Lemes, W. C. d. C. Morais, J. C. Zanuncio, and T. M. C. Della Lucia. 2015. Recognition and Aggression of conspecific and heterospecific worker in Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology. 62:28-33. doi:sociobiology.v62i1.28-33 10.13102 sociobiology.v62i1.28-33
• Zucchi, T.D., Guidolin, A.S., Consoli, F.L. 2011. Isolation and characterization of actinobacteria ectosymbionts from Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Microbiological Research, 166 (1): 68-76.