Camponotus femoratus

Camponotus femoratus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Formicinae
Tribe:	Camponotini
Genus:	Camponotus
Species:	C. femoratus
Binomial name
Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804) Specimen Labels

This species and its New World congener Camponotus irritabilis have a reputation as some of the world's most aggressive ant species. Their mandibles can readily break the skin of an unwary or unlucky myrmecologist, and the ants add to this discomfort by spraying the cut with formic acid. An individual worker defending itself like this is mildly annoying . . . the en mass attacks this species deliver are very uncomfortable. Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior live together in ant gardens. Dejean et al. (2018) found this territorially-dominant arboreal-ant species association inhabited 1/5 of the tree canopies they sampled in an Amazonian forest.

At a Glance

• Ant garden

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 5.266667° to -64.36°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Brazil (type locality), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Biology

Leal et al. (2017) - Crematogaster levior and Camponotus femoratus are common in Amazonian ant gardens and often occur nesting together. It is known that the latter aggressively defends its nesting location, i.e., the ant garden, while the former does not. Crematogaster levior are able to forage both on the forest understory and on the forest ground, over larger distances from the nest and under more extreme weather conditions (such as at forest edges) in comparison with C. femoratus (Vantaux et al., 2007). Camponotus femoratus forages exclusively in the forest understory for brief periods during the day.

In this study twenty six rainforest ant gardens in forest edge habitat and forest interior locations were examined. Fifteen epiphyte species were found to be incorporated in the ant gardens overall, with from one to five species per nest. The major ant garden difference was a higher incidence of epiphytes with glands, i.e., oil producing or nectar bearing species, in the forest interior. Camponotus femoratus was found to react to chemical compounds indicative of herbivore damage while Crematogaster levior did not. This is consistent with the former providing herbivore protection to the epiphytes it lives with while the latter does not. Along with the differences in foraging potentially limiting the extent of interspecific competition between the two ant species for resources provided by their shared ant garden, Camponotus individuals can get food from Crematogaster workers through trophallaxis (Menzel et al., 2014). Therefore, C. femoratus may co-occur with C. levior due to the additional resource input provided by the latter.

Vicente and Izzo (2017) - Ant gardens occupied by this species were more common and larger in larger forest gaps. Gaps with more open canopies were correlated with a decrease in ground foraging by C. femoratus.

Others documenting ant gardens in this species include Campbell et al. (2022), Davidson (1988) (noted as ant-garden initiator), Dejean et al. (2000), Kleinfeldt (1986), Marini Filho (1999), Orivel & Leroy (2011), Orivel & Dejean (1999) (noted as ant-garden initiator), Schmit-Neuerburg & Bluthgen (2007), Weber (1943), Wheeler (1921) and Youngsteadt et al. (2009) (noted as ant-garden initiator).

Cuticular Hydrocarbons

Greve et al. (2019) examined the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of this species and Crematogaster levior. These two ants are parabiotic (share a nest but maintain separate brood chambers). It had previously been shown that there are two different phenotypes/chemotypes of both species, with no apparent differences in their morphology and ecology (Emery & Tsutsui, 2013; Menzel, Orivel, Kaltenpoth, & Schmitt, 2014). The current study gathered cuticular hydrocarbon data from many colonies across a large area (within French Guiana), and also recorded information about secondary metabolites, morphological traits and genotypes. Analysis of the chemical and genetic data clearly separated each species into two distinct groups. A less distinctive but still relevant difference was noted in the morphological data for each of the two species types. The two C. femoratus forms also showed a distinct ecological pattern, with one being more common in the drier, western half of the area where colonies were sampled and the other more prevalent in the wetter and slightly cooler eastern area of sampling. There was no evidence for any segregation by species group within the mutualistic relationship of these two ants, e.g., the two forms of C. femoratus did not show any preference for associating with either form of C levior.

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

This species is a xenobiont for the ant Solenopsis picea (a host).

Diptera

• This species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus laceyi (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• This species is a host for the phorid fly Diocophora sp (a parasite) (Brown et al., 2015) (injured).
• This species is a host for the phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp (a parasite) (Brown et al., 2015) (injured).
• This species is a host for the phorid fly Diocophora sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• This species is a host for the phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Fungi

• This species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-femorati (a pathogen) (Araujo et al., 2018).
• This species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-femorati (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• This species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Castes

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0249352. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by PSWC, Philip S. Ward Collection.

Worker. Specimen code casent0249605. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by JTLC.

Worker. Specimen code casent0619231. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by JTLC.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• femoratus. Formica femorata Fabricius, 1804: 397 (q.) “South America”.
  • Type-material: 3 syntype queens.
  • [Note: Zimsen, 1964: 423, cites 3q syntypes (2 ZMUC, 1 ZMUK).]
  • Type-locality: South America: (“Habitat in America meridionali Dom. Smidt. Mus. Dom. de Sehestedt.”).
  • [Note: Forel, 1895b: 102, cites Brazil: Amazonas as type-locality.
  • Type-depositories: ZMUC, ZMUK.
  • Emery, 1894c: 174 (w.); Forel, 1904c: 49 (s.).
  • Combination in Formica (Camponotus): Roger, 1862c: 284;
  • combination in Camponotus: Roger, 1863b: 4;
  • combination in C. (Myrmothrix): Forel, 1914a: 269.
  • Junior synonym of rufipes: Roger, 1861b: 164.
  • Status as species: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 213; Smith, F. 1858b: 48; Roger, 1862c: 284; Roger, 1863b: 4; Mayr, 1863: 398; Dalla Torre, 1893: 231; Emery, 1894c: 174; Forel, 1895b: 102; Emery, 1896d: 372 (in list); Forel, 1904e: 705; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 330; Crawley, 1916b: 376; Wheeler, W.M. 1918b: 27; Wheeler, W.M. 1921f: 167; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 5; Emery, 1925b: 108; Borgmeier, 1927c: 150; Santschi, 1929d: 313; Wheeler, W.M. & Bequaert, 1929: 37; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 256; Kempf, 1970b: 341; Kempf, 1972a: 61; Hashmi, 1973: 44 (redescription); Bolton, 1995b: 99; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 112; Mackay & Mackay, 2019: 759.
  • Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela.

Description

Karyotype

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

 Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• 2n = 44, karyotype = 4ST+40T (French Guiana) (Mariano et al., 2011).

References

• Adams, R.M.M., Wells, R.L., Yanoviak, S.P., Frost, C.J., Fox, E.G.P. 2020. Interspecific Eavesdropping on Ant Chemical Communication. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8. (doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00024).
• Albuquerque, E., Prado, L., Andrade-Silva, J., Siqueira, E., Sampaio, K., Alves, D., Brandão, C., Andrade, P., Feitosa, R., Koch, E., Delabie, J., Fernandes, I., Baccaro, F., Souza, J., Almeida, R., Silva, R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001, 1–83 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1).
• Araújo, J.P.M., Evans, H.C., Kepler, R., Hughes, D.P. 2018. Zombie-ant fungi across continents: 15 new species and new combinations within Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species. Studies in Mycology 90: 119–160 (DOI 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002).
• Campbell, L.C.E., Kiers, E.T., Chomicki, G. 2022. The evolution of plant cultivation by ants. Trends in Plant Science (doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.005).
• Cardoso Neto, J.A., Leal, L.C., Baccaro, F.B. 2019. Temporal and spatial gradients of humidity shape the occurrence and the behavioral manipulation of ants infected by entomopathogenic fungi in Central Amazon. Fungal Ecology 42, 100871 (doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100871).
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• Dejean, A., Corbara, B., Orivel, J., Snelling, R.R., Delabie, J.H.C., Belin-Depoux, M. 2000. The importance of ant gardens in the pioneer vegetal formations of French Guiana. Sociobiology 35: 425-439.
• Dejean, A., J. Orivel, M. Leponce, A. Compin, J. H. C. Delabie, F. Azemar, and B. Corbara. 2018. Ant-plant relationships in the canopy of an Amazonian rainforest: the presence of an ant mosaic. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 125:344-354. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly125
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• Fabricius, J. C. 1804. Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard, xiv + 15-439 + 30 pp. (page 397, queen described)
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• Franco, W., Ladino, N., Delabie, J.H.C., Dejean, A., Orivel, J., Fichaux, M., Groc, S., Leponce, M., Feitosa, R.M. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674, 509–543 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4674.5.2).
• Gonçalves‐Neto, S., Azevedo‐Silva, M., Lemos, A.S.M., Souza, A.P., Oliveira, P.S. 2021, Microsatellites for the Neotropical ant, Camponotus leydigi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 24: 79-84 (doi:10.1111/ens.12454).
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• Hashmi, A. A. 1973b. A revision of the Neotropical ant subgenus Myrmothrix of genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 16: 1-140 (page 44, see also)
• Houadria, M., Menzel, F. 2021. Digging Deeper into the Ecology of Subterranean Ants: Diversity and Niche Partitioning across Two Continents. Diversity 13, 53 (doi:10.3390/d13020053).
• Kleinfeldt, S.E. 1986. Ant-gardens: mutual exploitation. In: Juniper, B. & Southwood, T.R.E. (Eds.): Insects and the plant surface. Edward Arnold, Oxford, pp. 283-291.
• Lenoir, A., P. D’Ettorre, P., Errard, C., Hefetz, A. 2001. Chemical ecology and social parasitism in ants. Annual Review of Entomology 46: 573–599.
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• Mayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 13: 385-460 (revived from synonymy)
• Perger, R., Rubio, G.D. 2020. Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical ant-like spiders: Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. from Bolivian Chiquitano forest, a new country record for M. niger, and indirect evidence for species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 4790, 151–164 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4790.1.9).
• Przybyszewski, K.R., Silva, R.J., Vicente, R.E., Garcia Freitas, J.V., Pereira, M.J.B., Izzo, T.J., Tonon, D.S. 2020. Can baited pitfall traps for sampling dung beetles replace conventional traps for sampling ants? Sociobiology 67, 376-387 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v67i3.5201).
• Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. 1999. Selection of epiphyte seed by ant-garden ants. Ecoscience 6: 51-55.
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• Roger, J. 1861b. Myrmicologische Nachlese. Berl. Entomol. Z. 5: 163-174 (page 164, junior synonym of rufipes)
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• Vicente, R. E. and T. J. Izzo. 2017. Defining Habitat Use by the Parabiotic Ants Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804) and Crematogaster levior Longino, 2003. Sociobiology. 64:373-380 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v64i4.1228.
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• Youngsteadt, E., Alvarez Baca, J., Osborne, J. & Schal, C. 2009. Species-specific seed dispersal in an obligate ant-plant mutualism. PLOS ONE 4: e4335.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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