Crematogaster curvispinosa
Crematogaster curvispinosa | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
Genus: | Crematogaster |
Species: | C. curvispinosa |
Binomial name | |
Crematogaster curvispinosa Mayr, 1862 | |
Synonyms | |
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This is an inconspicuous species with small colonies of a few dozen workers. Their nests can be common nesting in disturbed areas, with colonies opportunistically inhabiting small cavities in dead and live plants.
Identification
Longino (2003) - This species has uniquely shaped propodeal spines, with broad divergent bases and an abrupt transition to small posteriorly directed tips. Other characters include abundant short stiff setae on the face, clathrate or lattice-like sculpture on the pronotum, and appressed tibial pilosity. In Costa Rica the species cannot be confused with any others. Crematogaster curvispinosa appears relatively uniform over a broad range, usually with no closely related species. Only in Peru have I found what appear to be two morphospecies with the same general habitus as curvispinosa but differing in details of sculpture and pilosity. The type worker of curvispinosa is headless, but it is clearly the widespread species I have called curvispinosa. The diagnostic characters are clearly visible: clathrate sculpture on pronotum, raised mesonotum, broad-based curving spines, punctate petiole with ventral tooth, and stiff erect setae throughout.
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Longino (2003) - Throughout Neotropics, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Antilles.
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 25.68015° to -64.3°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil (type locality), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Galapagos Islands, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Lesser Antilles, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
Biology
Longino (2003) - Crematogaster curvispinosa is a very common but inconspicuous ant. It is most common in brushy habitats, road edges, young second growth, and other highly disturbed areas. Colonies are small, and there is no evidence of polydomy. They are most often found nesting in narrow gauge dead stems. Nests may occur in dead grass stalks or vine stems that are only 2mm outside diameter. They also occur opportunistically in single chambers of antplants such as Cecropia, Cordia alliodora, Triplaris, and myrmecophytic melostomes.
Colonies are small, a few dozen workers at most. Ergatogynes are common, and the reproductive structure of colonies is variable. Along with workers and brood, I have collected nests that contained (1) no apparent reproductive, (2) one ergatogyne, (3) one physogastric queen, or, in one case, (4) two ergatogynes and one physogastric queen. I have never seen a nest with multiple queens, or multiple ergatogynes in the absence of a queen. In one case I collected a nest with workers, brood, and one ergatogyne and kept it alive in the laboratory for about one year. The colony was not closely monitored or cared for, but sporadic feeding and observations yielded a surprising result. After about two months I found the ergatogyne wandering alone outside the nest tube, and she soon died. What remained in the tube were some adult workers, several large larvae, some queen pupae, and one callow alate queen. There was no worker brood. Several months later there were some adult males in the nest, but my notes are incomplete regarding other contents. Nearly a year from the time of collection the nest contained 14 queens, some with ragged wing stubs but most fully alate, a few workers, and a brood pile. Thus the colony began with an ergatogyne, workers, and brood, went through a bottleneck with only workers and unmated queens (no males), then later reconstituted a colony capable of producing new queens and workers. There were no other nests of curvispinosa in the laboratory, and the laboratory was in the United States, far from the native range of curvispinosa, so contamination from other colonies or access to males from other colonies was not possible. It appears that C. curvispinosa can produce female offspring from only workers and virgin queens. This is similar to Soulié's (1960) observation of thelytokous parthenogenesis in Crematogaster scutellaris.
Crematogaster curvispinosa can tolerate nesting in close proximity to larger ant species. Twice I have found curvispinosa nesting in the same hollow stem with another ant species, Camponotus in one case and Dolichoderus in another, with the two nests separated by only a narrow sawdust plug. Colonies can occupy single Cecropia internodes that are sandwiched between internodes occupied by Azteca.
Workers appear to forage day and night. Isolated foragers are common on low vegetation, and they are frequent visitors at extrafloral nectaries.
Schmid et al. (2014) found this ant nesting in infructescences (the stem and remains of buds and fruits above the level of the water reservoir in the rosette) of the bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis on Santa Catarina Island, Brazil. De Oliveira et al. (2015), studying ant occupancy of Cecropia trees in southwest Bahia, Brazil, found two colonies of Crematogaster curvispinosa opportunistically nesting in Cecropia pachystachya trees. Gillette et al. (2015) in a Chaipas, Mexico field study of twig-nesting ants in coffee plants found C. curvispinosa nesting on plants between 500-1200 m in elevation.
Association with Other Organisms
- Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
This species is a host for the encyrtid wasp Aenasius tachigaliae (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (associate).
Life History Traits
- Queen number: monogynous (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
Castes
Worker
Images from AntWeb
Syntype of Crematogaster sculpturata. Worker. Specimen code castype00627. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA. |
Worker. Specimen code casent0173936. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection. |
Queen
Images from AntWeb
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173937. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection. |
Male
Images from AntWeb
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0173938. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- curvispinosa. Crematogaster curvispinosa Mayr, 1862: 768 (w.) BRAZIL (Rio de Janeiro).
- Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
- [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
- [Notes (i): Longino, 2003a: 55, refers only to holotype worker; (ii) Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 143, cite 5w, 2q, 1m syntypes (but queens and male are not mentioned in the original description).]
- Type-locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Novara Expd.) (sent by R. von Frauenfeld).
- Type-depository: NMHW.
- Forel, 1911c: 301 (q.); Forel, 1912f: 216 (m.).
- Combination in C. (Orthocrema): Emery, 1922e: 134.
- Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 404; Roger, 1863b: 37; Mayr, 1865: 106 (redescription); Mayr, 1870b: 991 (in key); Mayr, 1887: 625; Emery, 1890a: 66; Dalla Torre, 1893: 80; Forel, 1895b: 131; Forel, 1899c: 83; Forel, 1907a: 25; Forel, 1907e: 5; Forel, 1908c: 366; Forel, 1909a: 259; Forel, 1911c: 301; Forel, 1912f: 216; Santschi, 1912e: 527; Luederwaldt, 1918: 41; Emery, 1922e: 134; Borgmeier, 1927c: 93; Menozzi, 1927c: 267; Santschi, 1929f: 88; Gallardo, 1934: 30; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 195; Kempf, 1970b: 332; Kempf, 1972a: 87; Brandão, 1991: 338; Bolton, 1995b: 151; Longino, 2003a: 55 (redescription); Wild, 2007b: 32; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 258; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 116; Wetterer, et al. 2016: 11; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136 (redescription); Pedraza & Fernández, 2019: 896.
- Senior synonym of accola: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of antillana: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of fuliginea: Santschi, 1929f: 88; Kempf, 1972a: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 151; Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of kemali: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of obscura Santschi: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of panamana: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of phytoeca: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Senior synonym of sculpturata: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- Distribution: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St Vincent, U.S.A.
- accola. Crematogaster (Orthocrema) sculpturata subsp. accola Wheeler, W.M. 1934g: 175 (w.) MEXICO (Veracruz).
- Type-material: 11 syntype workers.
- Type-locality: Mexico: Veracruz, Mirador, in Tillandsia streptophylla (nos 595, 662), in Conostegia xalapensis (nos 13, 104), 1929 (E. Skwarra).
- Type-depository: MCZC.
- Subspecies of sculpturata: Kempf, 1972a: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 146.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- antillana. Crematogaster curvispinosa var. antillana Forel, 1893g: 399 (w.) ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (St Vincent).
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
- Type-localities: St Vincent & the Grenadines: St Vincent I., 7b, Richmond Estate (H.H. Smith), St Vincent I., 7c, Morne à Garou, 1500-2000 ft, 1.xi. (H.H. Smith).
- Type-depository: MHNG.
- Forel, 1912f: 216 (q.).
- Combination in C. (Orthocrema): Emery, 1922e: 134.
- Subspecies of curvispinosa: Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 126; Forel, 1912f: 216; Emery, 1922e: 134; Kempf, 1972a: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 147.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- fuliginea. Crematogaster (Orthocrema) fuliginea Santschi, 1925d: 231 (w.) BRAZIL (Minas Gerais).
- Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
- Type-locality: Brazil: Minas Gerais (E. Luja) (received from Reichensperger).
- Type-depository: NHMB.
- [Misspelled as fuliginosa by Santschi, 1929f: 88.]
- Status as species: Borgmeier, 1927c: 94.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Santschi, 1929f: 88; Kempf, 1972a: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 153; Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- kemali. Crematogaster (Orthocrema) curvispinosa var. kemali Santschi, 1923c: 250 (w.q.) BRAZIL (Santa Catarina).
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated), 1 syntype ergatoid queen.
- Type-locality: Brazil: Santa Cataria, Blumenau (A. Reichensperger).
- Type-depository: NHMB.
- Subspecies of curvispinosa: Borgmeier, 1927c: 93; Kempf, 1972a: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 155.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- obscura. Crematogaster (Orthocrema) curvispinosa var. obscura Santschi, 1929d: 293 (w.) ARGENTINA (Jujuy).
- Type-material: holotype worker.
- Type-locality: Argentina: Jujuy (Neiva).
- Type-depository: NHMB.
- [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Crematogaster obscurus Smith, F. 1857a: 76 (Bolton, 1995b: 159.]
- Subspecies of curvispinosa: Gallardo, 1934: 32; Kempf, 1972a: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 159.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- panamana. Crematogaster (Orthocrema) curvispinosa var. panamana Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 195 (w.q.) PANAMA.
- Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (number not stated, “numerous specimens”).
- Type-locality: Panama: Tumba Muerte Road, nr Las Sabanas (W.M. Wheeler).
- Type-depository: MCZC.
- Subspecies of curvispinosa: Kempf, 1972a: 87; Bolton, 1995b: 159.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- phytoeca. Crematogaster sculpturata subsp. phytoeca Wheeler, W.M. 1934g: 173 (w.q.m.) MEXICO (Veracruz).
- Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated, “numerous specimens”), 1 syntype ergatoid queen.
- Type-locality: Mexico: Veracruz, Mirador, in Tillandsia streptophylla (nos 213, 519, 550, 606), in T. dasyliriifolia (no. 362), in T. balbisiana (nos 620, 651), in Conostegia xalapensis (nos 209a, 209b), in Cecropia schiedeana (no.253), in hollow stems (no. 564), 1929 (E. Skwarra).
- Type-depositories: LACM, MCZC.
- [Crematogaster sculpturata subsp. phytoeca Wheeler, W.M. 1934f: 139. Nomen nudum.]
- Subspecies of sculpturata: Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 21; Kempf, 1972a: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 160.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
- sculpturata. Crematogaster sculpturata Pergande, 1896: 876 (w.) MEXICO (Nayarit).
- Type-material: 4 syntype workers.
- Type-locality: Mexico: Nayarit, Tepic, x.-xi.1894 (G. Eisen & Vaslit).
- Type-depositories: MCZC, USNM.
- Combination in C. (Orthocrema): Emery, 1922e: 136.
- Status as species: Forel, 1899c: 82; Emery, 1922e: 136; Wheeler, W.M. 1934g: 171 (redescription). Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 197; Kempf, 1972a: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 162.
- Junior synonym of curvispinosa: Longino, 2003a: 55; Morgan & Mackay, 2017: 136.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Longino (2003) - HL 0.572, 0.586, 0.632; HW 0.610, 0.580, 0.664; HC 0.565, 0.561, 0.626; SL 0.513, 0.523, 0.576; EL 0.142, 0.152, 0.140; A11L 0.236; A11W 0.105; A10L 0.126; A10W 0.091; A09L 0.050; A09W 0.060; A08L 0.046; A08W 0.056; WL 0.626, 0.602, 0.678; SPL 0.125, 0.154, 0.180; PTH 0.159, 0.150, 0.166; PTL 0.185, 0.194, 0.217; PTW 0.177, 0.161, 0.187; PPL 0.158, 0.154, 0.184; PPW 0.188, 0.164, 0.205; CI 107, 99, 105; OI 25, 26, 22; SI 90, 89, 91; PTHI 86, 77, 76; PTWI 96, 83, 86; PPI 119, 106, 111; SPI 20, 26, 27; ACI 2.66.
Color usually dark red brown to black.
Mandibles smooth and shiny; face largely smooth and shiny, with variable extent of microareolate sculpture around antennal insertions; scapes with 5-10 long, erect, delicate setae and abundant long decumbent setae; antennal club 2-segmented; clypeus with 2-4 longitudinal rugae; face with 20-30 short, stiff, erect setae; ventral surface of head with 0- few erect setae.
In lateral view, dorsal profile of pronotum, mesonotum, and propodeum usually forming continuous curve, mesonotum sometimes somewhat elevated, forming weak promesonotal suture, dorsal and posterior faces of propodeum in same plane, sloping to petiolar insertion; propodeal spines projecting posterodorsally; pronotal dorsum with clathrate sculpture forming a lattice of longitudinal and transverse carinae with smooth and shiny interspaces; mesonotal dorsum with two elevated longitudinal carinae laterally, irregular clathrate rugulae medially; propodeal suture impressed medially but not visible in side view because lateral mesonotal carinae continue onto dorsal face of propodeum; mesonotal carina may have slight tooth at propodeal suture; dorsal face of propodeum with faint aerolate rugulose sculpture, posterior face smooth and shining; in dorsal view propodeal spines highly distinctive, with bases broad, weakly tapering, divergent, then abruptly bent to form short, sharp, posteriorly directed tips; side of pronotum flat, largely smooth and shining, with faint line of punctation dorsally; medial portion of katepisternum with variable extent smooth and shining, perimeter strip and anepisternum punctate to faintly microareolate; side of propodeum with variable extent and strength of punctate sculpture, densest ventrally, becoming smoother dorsally; setae on mesosomal dorsum stiff, relatively short, of variable length, longest approximately 0.16mm long, dorsum of pronotum with anterior row of four setae, anterolateral and posterolateral dorsum of mesonotum (at propodeal suture) each with a seta; propodeal spine with 1-2 setae at angle where spine bends posteriorly; additional short setae variably present on mesosomal dorsum; legs with dilute appressed pubescence and no erect setae.
Petiole in side view trapezoidal; side faintly microareolate/punctate; anteroventral tooth produced, forming a right angle or more often acute; dorsal face subrectangular, somewhat longer than wide or more often almost as wide as long, smooth and shining; posterolateral tubercles each with two stiff setae; postpetiole globular, with no trace of median sulcus or posterior emargination; with small anteroventral tooth; dorsum smooth and shining or faintly microareolate; with 4-6 stiff erect setae; fourth abdominal tergite smooth and shining, with 15-25 stiff erect setae and very dilute short appressed pubescence; although setae of fourth abdominal tergite vary in density, length, and stiffness; one specimen from Santarem is an outlier with about 40 distinctly shorter, stiff erect setae.
Queen
Longino (2003) - A normal queen (dorsal face of propodeum drops steeply from postscutellum and much of propodeum appears ventral to scutellum and postscutellum) with general shape, sculpture, and pilosity characters of the worker; size characters as in Figures.
Type Material
Longino (2003) - Holotype worker: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Novara) Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna (examined).
References
- Albuquerque, E., Prado, L., Andrade-Silva, J., Siqueira, E., Sampaio, K., Alves, D., Brandão, C., Andrade, P., Feitosa, R., Koch, E., Delabie, J., Fernandes, I., Baccaro, F., Souza, J., Almeida, R., Silva, R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001, 1–83 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1).
- Calazans, E.G., Costa, F.V.da, Cristiano, M.P., Cardoso, D.C. 2020. Daily dynamics of an ant community in a mountaintop ecosystem. Environmental Entomology 49, 383–390 (doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa011).
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- Emery, C. 1922c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174B: 95-206 (page 134, Combination in C. (Orthocrema))
- Forel, A. 1911e. Ameisen des Herrn Prof. v. Ihering aus Brasilien (Sao Paulo usw.) nebst einigen anderen aus Südamerika und Afrika (Hym.). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1911: 285-312 (page 301, queen described)
- Forel, A. 1912g. Formicides néotropiques. Part III. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae (suite). Genres Cremastogaster et Pheidole. Mém. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 19: 211-237 (page 216, male described)
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- Longino, J.T. 2003a. The Crematogaster of Costa Rica. Zootaxa 151: 1-150. (page 55, worker, queen described, Senior synonym of antillana, sculpturata, kemali, obscura, phytoeca, acola and panamana)
- Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 649-776 (page 768, worker described)
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- Morgan, C.E., Mackay, W.P. 2017. The North American Acrobat Ants of the hyperdiverse genus Crematogaster (Hymneoptera: Formicidae). Lambert Academic Publishing (PDF version, 532 pp.)
- Santschi, F. 1929f. Mélange myrmécologique. Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 46: 84-93 (page 88, Senior synonym of fuliginea)
- Schmid V.S., Langner S., Steiner J. and Zillikens A. 2014. Inflorescences of the Bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis as Nest Sites and Food Resources for Ants and Other Arthropods in Brazil. Psyche. 2014:Article ID 396095. 9 pp. doi:10.1155/2014/396095
- Varela-Hernández, F., Medel-Zosayas, B., Martínez-Luque, E.O., Jones, R.W., De la Mora, A. 2020. Biodiversity in central Mexico: Assessment of ants in a convergent region. Southwestern Entomologist 454: 673-686.
- Ward, P.S., Blaimer, B.B. 2022. Taxonomy in the phylogenomic era: species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among North American ants of the Crematogaster scutellaris group (Formicidae: Hymenoptera), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194(3): 893–937 (doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab047).
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References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
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- Cuezzo, F. 1998. Formicidae. Chapter 42 in Morrone J.J., and S. Coscaron (dirs) Biodiversidad de artropodos argentinos: una perspectiva biotaxonomica Ediciones Sur, La Plata. Pages 452-462.
- Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
- Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3) :325-331
- Dejean, A., S. Durou, I. Olmsted, R.R. Snelling and J. Orivel. 2003. Nest Site Selection by Ants in a Flooded Mexican Mangrove, with Special Reference to the Epiphytic Orchid Myrmecophila christinae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19(3):325-331
- Del Toro, I., M. Vazquez, W. Mackay, P. Rojas, and R. Zapata-Mata. "Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Tabasco: explorando la diversidad de la mirmecofauna en las selvas tropicales de baja altitud." Dugesiana 16, no. 1 (2009): 1-14.
- Del Toro, I., M. Vázquez, W.P. Mackay, P. Rojas and R. Zapata-Mata. Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Tabasco: explorando la diversidad de la mirmecofauna en las selvas tropicales de baja altitud. Dugesiana 16(1):1-14.
- Drose W., L. R. Podgaiski, C. Fagundes Dias, M. de Souza Mendonca. 2019. Local and regional drivers of ant communities in forest-grassland ecotones in South Brazil: A taxonomic and phylogenetic approach. Plos ONE 14(4): e0215310.
- Favretto M. A., E. Bortolon dos Santos, and C. J. Geuster. 2013. Entomofauna from West of Santa Catarina State, South of Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 6 (1): 42-63.
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