Dolichoderus scabridus

Dolichoderus scabridus
Dolichoderus scabridus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Dolichoderinae
Tribe:	Dolichoderini
Genus:	Dolichoderus
Species group:	scabridus
Species:	D. scabridus
Binomial name
Dolichoderus scabridus Roger, 1862 Specimen labels
Synonyms
Polyrhachis foveolatus Lowne, 1865 Dolichoderus scabridus ruficornis Santschi, 1916

Dolichoderus scabridus is one of the most frequently encountered species within the genus, occurring from north-eastern New South Wales south and west to the Adelaide, South Australia region. It is found in a wide range of forested habitats ranging from mallee and spinifex on sand through dry sclerophyll to wet sclerophyll; they have also been found in pine plantations. Workers forage in columns on the ground, on rotten logs and on tree trunks. Nests occur in rotten branches, logs and stumps on the ground, under bark and in soil under rocks.

The following literature has examined this taxon: Clark (1930) (male description), Wheeler and Wheeler (1951) (larval description), Cavill and Hinterberger (1960a) (glandular compounds), Cavill and Hinterberger (1960b) (glandular compounds), Crozier (1970) (karyotype), Wheeler and Wheeler (1974) (larva); Imai, Crozier and Taylor (1977) (karyotype), Blum and Hermann (1978) (venom and venom apparatus) and Freeland et al. (1982) (behaviour, morphology).

Identification

A member of the Dolichoderus scabridus species group.

Pronotum rounded, lacking spines; propodeum with elongate spines directed upward at angle of 45° or less to horizontal plane, the angle between them at least 90°; dorsum of petiolar node broad, base of propodeal spines forming a "U" with a broad concavity connecting their bases (sometimes this region flat or weakly convex); legs yellowish-red in colour, distinctly lighter than the colour of the body.

This species is most similar to Dolichoderus inferus but differs in having yellowish-red legs. This species is also similar to Dolichoderus ypsilon, Dolichoderus rufotibialis and Dolichoderus niger, but in D. scabridus (and D. inferus) the petiolar node is broad rather than angular, and the bases of the propodeal spines form a broad "U" rather than a narrowly angled "V" when viewed from the front.

Identification Keys including this Taxon

• Key to Australian Dolichoderus Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: -12.08333333° to -38.34999847°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Australasian Region: Australia (type locality).

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Biology

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0010672. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.

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Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• scabridus. Dolichoderus scabridus Roger, 1862a: 244 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Clark, 1930b: 257 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1951: 176 (l.); Crozier, 1970: 119 (k.). Combination in D. (Hypoclinea): Emery, 1894c: 228; in D. (Diceratoclinea): Wheeler, W.M. 1935c: 69. Senior synonym of foveolatus: Mayr, 1870b: 953; of ruficornis: Shattuck & Marsden, 2013: 134. See also: Shattuck, 1994: 64.
• foveolatus. Polyrhachis foveolatus Lowne, 1865b: 334 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Junior synonym of scabridus: Mayr, 1870b: 953.
• ruficornis. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) scabridus var. ruficornis Santschi, 1916c: 175 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Clark, 1930b: 258 (m.). Junior synonym of scabridus: Shattuck & Marsden, 2013: 134.

Type Material

• Dolichoderus scabridus: Syntype, "several" workers, locality unknown, Australia, The Natural History Museum; (Roger 1862:244, probably in BMNH).
• Polyrhachis foveolatus: Syntype, worker(s), Sydney (as Sidney), New South Wales, Australia, The Natural History Museum.
• Dolichoderus scabridus ruficornis: Syntype, 3 workers, locality unknown, Australia, Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel.

Taxonomic Notes

Dolichoderus ruficornis was established as a subspecies of D. scabridus. Its type specimens differ from typical D. scabridus in having the antennal scapes red rather than dark reddish-brown. No other differences could be found between these two forms by Shattuck & Marsden (2013) and given the minor overall differences in antennal colour both forms were considered to belong to a single species. It should be noted, however, that the D. ruficornis form predominates at lower elevations in South Australia although it has also been found in Victoria (a single collection from Greensborough) while the D. scabridus form from South Australia is generally found at higher elevation sites in the Flinders Ranges. Across Victoria and New South Wales the D. scabridus form predominates.

Description

Worker

Clark (1930) - Black. Legs red, spines of the epinotum reddish brown, mandibles and antennae brown, sometimes blackish brown.

Shining. Head, thorax and node coarsely and irregularly punctate, those on the mesonotum and epinotum larger and more scattered than on the head, finely and densely reticulate between the punctures. Clypeus rugose. Mandibles sparsely punctate. Gaster microscopically punctate.

Hair yellow, short and erect, moderately abundant throughout. Pubescence apparent only on the gaster, where it forms a distinct yellow clothing, but not hiding the sculpture.

Head slightly longer than broad, convex behind and on the sides. Frontal carinae erect, parallel, longer than their distance apart. The anterior border of the clypeus convex, feebly excised in the middle. Eyes globular, placed at the middle of the sides. Scapes extending beyond the occipital border by one-third of their length; first segment of the funiculus twice as long as the second and third. The masticatory border of the mandibles with eight denticles; the terminal border with nine or ten sharp teeth. Thorax twice as long as broad. Pronotum fully one-third broader than long, convex in front and on the sides. Mesonotum circular. Epinotum as long as broad, furnished with two long sharp spines, directed upward, outward and backward; in profile the dorsum convex, the declivity slightly concave, the spines rising at an angle of thirty degrees. Node twice as broad as long, the anterior border straight, the sides and posterior border convex; in profile parallel, the dorsum convex. Gaster concave in front below. Legs long and slender.

Shattuck and Marsden (2013) - All specimens very similar with the exception of the antennal scape colour, which varies from red to dark reddish-brown.

Measurements (n=5). CI 93–100; EI 19–24; EL 0.26–0.33; HL 1.34–1.47; HW 1.26–1.47; ML 1.89–2.10; MTL 1.10–1.22; PronI 68.58–74.77; PronW 0.91–1.04; SI 95–106; SL 1.30–1.46.

Male

Clark (1930) - Black. Mandibles, scapes and legs brown, metanotum red.

Subopaque. Head, pronotum, scutellum and mesonotum coarsely punctate, the punctures shallow and scattered, the spaces between them densely reticulate. Top of the epinotum finely reticulate, the declivity and node finely transverse striate. Gaster densely and finely punctate.

Hair yellow, erect, long and abundant throughout. Pubescence whitish, very fine and adpressed on the antennae and legs, longer and more abundant on the gaster.

Head longer than broad, broader behind than in front, the occipital border and sides strongly convex. Frontal carinae short and erect. Clypeus convex above, the anterior border strongly convex, with a feeble excision in the middle. Eyes large and convex, slightly in front of the middle, occupying one-third of the sides. Ocelli large and prominent. Scapes fully three times as long as the first segment of the funiculus and twice as long as the second. Mandibles la.rge and triangular, finely and densely striate, furnished with numerous very fine sharp teeth. Pronotum hardly visible from above. Mesonotum large and convex, without traces of mayrian or parapsidal furrows. Scutellum convex. Epinotum short and broad, convex above; in profile as long as the declivity, the latter descending at an obtuse angle. Node thick, twice as broad as long, the anterior face and dorsum concave, the posterior face convex. Gaster longer than broad. Cerci very long and thick. Genitalia partly retracted, the outer and middle processes long and slender, strongly curved downward. Legs long and slender. Wings subhyaline, with a slight smoky tinge.

Karyotype

• n = 14, 2n = 28 (Australia) (Crozier, 1966; Imai et al., 1977) (in Crozier 1966 as Diceratoclinea scrabida).

References

• Dill, M. 2002. Taxonomy of the migrating herdsman species of the genus Dolichoderus Lund, 1831, with remarks on the systematics of other Southeast-Asian Dolichoderus. Pp. 17-113 in: Dill, M., Williams, D. J. and U. Maschwitz. 2002. Herdsmen ants and their mealybug partners. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main. 557:1-373.
• Barabag, Z., Jaitrong, W. 2022. A new species of the ant genus Dolichoderus Lund, 1831 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Thailand. Sociobiology, 69(1), e6247 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v69i1.6247).
• Clark, J. 1930b. The Australian ants of the genus Dolichoderus (Formicidae). Sugenus Hypoclinea Mayr. Aust. Zool. 6: 252-268 (page 257, male described)
• Crozier, R. H. 1970a. Karyotypes of twenty-one ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with reviews of the known ant karyotypes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 12: 109-128 (page 119, karyotype described)
• Emery, C. 1894d. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 26: 137-241 (page 228, Combination in D. (Hypoclinea))
• Heterick, B.E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 86, 1-245 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245).
• Heterick, B.E. 2022. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part II: Distribution and biology. Records of the Western Australian Museum, supplement 86: 247-510 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2022.247-510).
• Mayr, G. 1870b. Neue Formiciden. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 20: 939-996 (page 953, Senior synonym of foveolatus)
• Roger, J. 1862a. Einige neue exotische Ameisen-Gattungen und Arten. Berl. Entomol. Z. 6: 233-254 (page 244, worker described)
• Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 112:i-xix, 1-241. (page 64, see also)
• Shattuck, S.O. & Marsden, S. 2013. Australian species of the ant genus Dolichoderus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3716, 101–143 (doi 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.1).
• Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1951. The ant larvae of the subfamily Dolichoderinae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 53: 169-210 (page 176, larva described)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1935c. Myrmecological notes. Psyche (Camb.) 42: 68-72 (page 69, Combination in D. (Diceraoclinea))
• Yamane, S., Tanaka, H.O., Hasimoto, Y., Ohashi, M., Meleng, P., Itioka, T. 2021. A list of ants from Lambir Hills National Park and its vicinity, with their biological information: Part II. Subfamilies Leptanillinae, Proceratiinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Dolichoderinae, Ectatomminae and Formicinae. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 31, 87–157.

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

• Clark J. 1930. The Australian ants of the genus Dolichoderus (Formicidae). Sugenus Hypoclinea Mayr. Australian Zoologist 6: 252-268.
• Imai H. T., R. H. Crozier, and R. W. Taylor. 1977. Karyotype evolution in Australian ants. Chromosoma 59: 341-393.
• Shattuck S. O., and S. Marsden. 2013. Australian species of the ant genus Dolichoderus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3716(2): 101-143.
• Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.