Formica rufibarbis

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Formica rufibarbis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Formica
Species: F. rufibarbis
Binomial name
Formica rufibarbis
Fabricius, 1793

Formica rufibarbis casent0173870 profile 1.jpg

Formica rufibarbis casent0173870 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Subspecies
Synonyms

This is a widely distributed species occurring throughout Europe, nesting in the ground with a single entrance hole or under stones. It is predatory and aggressive and readily attacks other species of ants and insects. New nests are started by single queens alone. Mature colonies are separate but may contain two or three queens with up to 500 or more workers. Alatae fly in late June and July (Collingwood 1979). Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran on parkland ground in a moderate rainfall area.

At a Glance • Limited invasive  

Photo Gallery

  • Formica rufibarbis worker at nest entrance. Photo by Jitte Groothuis.
  • Formica rufibarbis queen. Photo by Michal Kukla.

Identification

Seifert and Schultz (2009) - A member of the Formica rufibarbis group. Formica rufibarbis is safely separable by discriminant analysis from any other species of the group throughout its whole geographic range. Sometimes, less hairy specimens of F. rufibarbis could be confused with more hairy Formica clara.

Collingwood (1979) - Head and alitrunk mainly red with variable amounts of dark on promesonotum and hind part of head. Gaster thickly pubescent, dull. Erect hairs numerous on pronotum and normally present on upper margin of scale, absent on gula and occiput. Length: 4.5-7.0 mm.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Seifert and Schultz (2009) - Inhabiting the temperate, Ponto-south-Siberian and Submediterranean zones of the West Palaearctic from the Pyrenees to West Siberia (76° E) and the Southwest Siberian Saur Mountains (85° E). In Fennoscandia going to 61° N, both in Sweden (Collingwood 1979) and Finland, in the Alps and the Caucasus climbing up to 2100 m.

Collingwood (1979) - Portugal to Western Siberia, Mountains of Middle East to South Fennoscandia.

This is moderately common in mainland Greece, recorded also from the Aegean Islands and Cyclades (Borowiec et al., 2022).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 65.256706° to 33.817°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Oriental Region: India.
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Habitat

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Thermophilous species, noted from mountain deciduous forests, mountain pastures with limestone rocks, only one record from coniferous forests, reported also from summer resort in a pine forest. Most records are from low and mid altitude but on sunny slopes of mountains the species can reach a height of 1642 m.

Biology

Seifert and Schultz (2009) - Habitat selection intermediate between the moderately thermophilic Formica cunicularia and the strongly thermophilic Formica clara. Compared to the former more frequent on sandy and open ground with higher soil temperature, lower moisture and less developed herb layer and penetrating deeper into the urban zone. Presence, mean and maximum nest density on 81 potentially suitable, 150-m2-test-plots on open land in Germany was 44%, 1.0 and 6.0 nests / 100 m2 respectively. Diet, activity pattern and nest construction similar to F. cunicularia but often with larger nest populations, more aggressive, more readily attacking other ants and more effectively defending against social parasites than F. cunicularia. Cooperative transport of large prey items may occur. Alates occur in Central Europe 14 July ± 15 d [16 June, 3 August], n = 13 (Seifert 2007).

This species is known to suffer from labial gland disease, a condition caused by an unknown agent (Elton, 1991).

Association with Other Organisms

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Other Insects

  • This species is a host for the ant Formica sanguinea (a slave maker).
  • This species is a host for the ant Polyergus rufescens (a slave maker) (Mori et al., 2000; Trager, 2013; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021).
  • This species is a host for the ant Formica truncorum (a temporary parasite) (Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018).

This species is associated with the aphids Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola, Cinara indica, Cinara occidentalis, Dysaphis devecta, Myzus ornatus, Myzus padellus, Tuberolachnus salignus (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references).

  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma luxemburgense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma luxemburgense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the ichneumonid wasp Hybrizon buccatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the ichneumonid wasp Hybrizon buccatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Aenigmatias brevifrons (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Aenigmatias dorni (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Aenigmatias lubbocki (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon sp. (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This ant has been associated with a butterfly species that has recently been split into two species: Polyommatus icarus and Polyommatus celin. Presently it is unclear if this association is between F. rufibarus and one or the other of these butterflies, or both (Obregon et al. 2015).

Nematode

  • This species is a host for the nematode Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") (a parasite) in Germany (Gosswald, 1930; Laciny, 2021).

Trematoda

  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a parasite) (de Bekker et al., 2018).
  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a parasite) in Germany (Hohorst & Graefe, 1961).
  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum (a parasite) in Armenia (Arakelian et al., 1997).

Fungi

This species is a host for the fungus Aegeritella tuberculata (a pathogen) (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

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Castes

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • rufibarbis. Formica rufibarbis Fabricius, 1793: 355 (w.) FRANCE. Jurine, 1807: 273 (q.m.); Emery, 1909b: 197 (q.m.). Combination in F. (Serviformica): Forel, 1915d: 64. Subspecies of fusca: Forel, 1874: 54; Mayr, 1886d: 427; Forel, 1892i: 307; Ruzsky, 1904b: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1908g: 406; Emery, 1909b: 197; Forel, 1915d: 64; Emery, 1916b: 255; Santschi, 1919e: 247. Status as species: André, 1882b: 182; Nasonov, 1889: 19; Dalla Torre, 1893: 209; Emery, 1898c: 126; Ruzsky, 1902d: 11; Bingham, 1903: 335; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 514; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 320; Wheeler, W.M. 1917a: 550; Bondroit, 1918: 51; Emery, 1925b: 249; Karavaiev, 1927c: 286; Stitz, 1930: 238; Karavaiev, 1936: 234; Stitz, 1939: 355; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 107; Yarrow, 1954a: 231; Dlussky, 1967a: 73; Bernard, 1967: 297; Francoeur, 1973: 228; Collingwood, 1979: 128. Senior synonym of cinereorufibarbis: Bernard, 1967: 297; Collingwood, 1978: 73; Seifert & Schultz, 2009: 260; of defensor, fraterna: Forel, 1894c: 403; Bingham, 1903: 335; of nicaeensis: Roger, 1863b: 13; of piligera: Lomnicki, 1928: 9; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 163; of stenoptera: Dalla Torre, 1893: 210; Yarrow, 1954a: 231; Dlussky, 1967a: 73. See also: Seifert & Schultz, 2009: 260. Current subspecies: nominal plus clarorufibarbis, subpilosorufibarbis.
  • nicaeensis. Formica nicaeensis Leach, 1825: 291 (w.q.m.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of rufibarbis: Roger, 1863b: 13.
  • cinereorufibarbis. Formica fusca var. cinereorufibarbis Forel, 1874: 55 (w.q.m.) SWITZERLAND. Combination in F. (Serviformica): Forel, 1915d: 64. Subspecies of rufibarbis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 210; of cinerea: Forel, 1915d: 64; Emery, 1916b: 255; Emery, 1925b: 246. Junior synonym of rufibarbis: Bernard, 1967: 297; of fuscocinerea: Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 161. Revived from synonymy and raised to species: Kutter, 1977c: 253. Junior synonym of rufibarbis: Collingwood, 1978: 73; Seifert & Schultz, 2009: 260.
  • defensor. Formica defensor Smith, F. 1878b: 11 (w.) CHINA. Junior synonym of rufibarbis: Forel, 1894c: 403.
  • fraterna. Formica fraterna Smith, F. 1878b: 11 (w.) CHINA. Junior synonym of rufibarbis: Forel, 1894c: 403; Bingham, 1903: 335.
  • piligera. Formica rufibarbis var. piligera Lomnicki, 1925a: 175 (w.q.) POLAND. Junior synonym of rufibarbis: Lomnicki, 1928: 9; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 163.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Seifert and Schultz (2009) - Large Serviformica species (mean CS 1.455 mm), head more elongated (CL / CW1.4 1.141), Scape moderately long SL / CS1.4 1.068; distance of lateral ocelli moderate (OceD / CS1.4 0.169), petiole rather wide (PEW / CS1.4 0.471). Clypeus with sharp median keel and fine longitudinal microcarinulae. Frontal triangle finely transversely rippled and with 35 - 55 short pubescence hairs. Eyes with microsetae of 11 - 15 μm maximum length. Total mean of unilateral setae numbers on different body parts predicted for a specimen with CS = 1.4 mm: pronotum 11.1, mesonotum 6.5, propodeum plus dorsolateral metapleuron 0.8, petiole scale dorsal of spiracle 3.2, flexor profile of hind tibia 2.8. Posterior margin of head normally without setae. Ventral coxae and gaster tergites with long setae. Dorsal mesonotum in lateral aspect broadly rounded. Metanotal groove relatively deep. Propodeal dome in profile rounded, its basal profile sometimes flat or slightly concave. Dorsal crest of petiole in frontal view convex, sometimes (especially in larger specimens) with straight or weekly excavate median portion, in smaller ants sometimes bluntly angled. Petiole scale in lateral aspect rather thin, with convex anterior and more straight posterior profile. Gaster with transverse microripples of small average distance (RipD 4.4 μm) and covered by dense silvery pubescence (sqPDG 3.2). Pubescence on head, mesosoma and petiole dense. Posterior vertex, sometimes dorsal promesonotum, coxae and all appendages normally brown or dark brown, gaster always dark brown. Other body parts reddish.

Borowiec and Salata (2022)- Large with strongly marked size-variation, HL: 1.365-1.850 (mean 1.550); HW: 1.095-1.587 (mean 1.262); SL: 1.397-1.720 (mean 1.545); EL: 0.429-0.537 (mean 0.485); ML: 2.00-2.76; MW: 0.95-1.21. Color. Head bicolor, clypeus, genae, sides behind eyes and ventral side yellowish red, rest of surface brown to black, yellowish red of anterior part of head gradually turn into the dark posterior part of head without sharp border between pale and dark parts; mesosoma usually uniformly yellowish red to red, sometimes promesonotum at top with obscure spot with diffused borders, occasionally mesosoma mostly brown with reddish sutural parts but never completely brown, petiolar scale usually yellowish red to red, only occasionally in the darkest forms partly brown, gaster brown to dark brown with transparent white posterior margin of tergites, antennae yellowish, sometimes apical 4-6 antennomeres gradually infuscate, legs often uniformly reddish, or coxa yellowish to yellowish brown, femora from uniformly yellowish or yellowish red to reddish brown, tibiae and tarsi yellow or in melanistic forms reddish brown to brown. Head. 1.2-1.3 times longer than wide, in front of eyes softly converging anterad, behind eyes softly rounded, occipital margin straight to slightly convex. Clypeus with median keel, on the whole surface distinctly microsculptured, slightly trapezoidal, its anterior margin convex, sides convergent posterad, posterior margin truncate or shallowly concave in the middle, whole clypeal surface with moderately long and moderately dense appressed pubescence, a row of 10-12 moderately long setae close at the anterior margin and usually 8 long erected setae arranged in three rows 4-2-2, sometimes with additional very short, 2-5 erected setae, the longest anterior seta with length 0.191. Head distinctly microreticulate, appears dull and opaque, with short and moderately dense appressed pubescence not covering head surface, interocular are with two pairs and ocellar area usually with a pair of moderately long, erected yellow setae, sometimes frontal and ocellar area with 1-3 additional short erected setae, occasionally frons without setae, ventral side of head lacking erected setae. Scape moderately long, 1.1-1.3 times longer than width of head, thin, distinctly reaching beyond the occipital margin, distinctly, regularly widened from base to apex, its surface microreticulate, with short and dense appressed pubescence, erected setae absent. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 1.4-1.5 times as long as second segment, the second segment approximately twice as long as wide, only slightly shorter than third segment, the rest of funicular segments clearly longer than broad. Eyes big, elongate oval, approximately 0.31 length of head. Mesosoma. Elongate, in dorsal view distinctly constricted in the middle, 2.1-2.4 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally distinctly microreticulated, surface indistinctly dull and opaque. In lateral view promesonotum convex, mesonotal groove moderately deep, propodeum strongly, regularly convex. Whole mesosomal surface covered with moderately long and moderately dense appressed pubescence not covering the mesosomal surface, pronotum always with erected setae, usually 15-35, the longest with length 0.103, mesonotum with 10-30 short erected setae, propodeum lacking erected setae. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale broad, moderately thick in lateral view, apex rounded with several erected setae directed both forward and backward. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, all tergites distinctly microreticulate, appears dull and opaque, covered with moderately long and dense appressed pubescence almost completely covering surface of tergites. All tergites close to posterior margin with a row of setae, surface of tergites with short to moderately long, sparse erected setae. Legs. Ventral surface of fore femora with row of 4-7 erected setae, of mid femora lacking erected setae or at most with two setae close to trochanter.

Type Material

Seifert and Schultz (2009) - Neotype worker labelled “FRA: 44.073°N, 7.295°E, St. Martin Vesubie, Cime de la Palu, 2058 m R. Schultz 2002.05.14 -108” and “Neotype Formica rufibarbis Fabricius 1793, des. Seifert & Schultz 2009”; SMNG. In case of destruction or loss of the neotype specimen, a replacement neotype can be designated from a series of 6 mounted workers and 14 workers in ethanol from the same nest sample, having identical sample number, kept in SMN Görlitz and coll. RS.

Justification of the neotype fixation: Formica rufibarbis has been described from France ("Habitat in Gallia"). There is no specimen from Fabricius available that could be interpreted as a primary type. During a thorough search in the Fabricius collection in ZMU Copenhagen in 2006, a Formica worker labelled “rufibarbis” was found. It is without head, has a damaged mesosoma, carries no locality label but the registration label "Formica rufibarbis 402.26 Kiel" (a permanent loan from the museum in Kiel). This specimen definitely belongs to Formica truncorum Fabricius, 1804. It cannot be considered as type of F. rufibarbis because its characters clearly disagree with the original description: It has reddish legs including tarsi instead of “pedes nigri” and a reddish brown gaster instead of “Abdomen atrum”. The missing parts of this F. truncorum specimen would also not have a “Caput nigrum ore late rufo”.

Karyotype

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  • n = 27, 2n = 54 (Finland; Switzerland) (Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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