Kapala

There are sixteen species in this genus which are Parasitoids of ants. More than one parasitoid can complete development on a single host larva.

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List of Kapala and their Host Ants

Genus and species	Author and Year	Ant Host	Distribution	Notes
Kapala argentina	Gemignani, 1933	ants	Argentina
Kapala atrata	(Walker, 1862)	Pachycondyla harpax	Brazil
Kapala chacoensis	Gemignani, 1947	ants	Argentina
Kapala cuprea	Cameron, 1913	Pachycondyla crassinoda	Guyana
Kapala cynipsea	(Walker, 1862)	ants	Brazil
Kapala dicerodera	(Spinola, 1853)	ants	Brazil
Kapala flabellata	(Fabricius, 1804)	ants	Brazil
Kapala floridana	(Ashmead, 1885)	Pogonomyrmex badius	United States: Florida
Kapala furcata	(Fabricius, 1804)	ants	United States
Kapala inexagens	(Walker, 1862)	ants	Brazil
Kapala iridicolor	(Cameron, 1904)	Ectatomma ruidum, Gnamptogenys sulcata	Nicaragua, Venezuela
Kapala ivorensis	Risbec, 1954	ants	Afrotropical: Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, Zaire.
Kapala izapa	Carmichael, 2006	Ectatomma ruidum	Mexico
Kapala splendens	Ashmead, 1904	ants	Brazil
Kapala sulcifacies	(Cameron, 1904)	Ectatomma ruidum	Nicaragua
Kapala terminalis	Ashmead, 1892	ants	Cuba

REFERENCES

• Ashmead, W.H. 1885. Studies on North American Chalcididae, with descriptions of new species from Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 12: 10-14.

• Ashmead, W.H. 1892. Notes on the eucharids found in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 2: 354-358.

• Ashmead, W.H. Classification of the chalcid flies of the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. JOURBOOK: Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum VOLUME: 1(4) PAGES: i-xi,225-551,39pls. (1904).

• Cameron, P. 1904. New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua. Invertebrata Pacifica 1: 46-69.

• Cameron, P. 1913. The Hymenoptera of the Georgetown Museum, Part V. Journal of Royal Agricultural Society, Demerara 3: 105-137.

• Gemignani, E.V. 1933. La familia Eucharidae (Hym. Chalcidoidea) en la republica Argentina. (In Spanish.) Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 37: 277-294.

• Gemignani, E.V. 1947. Nuevas especies de la familia Eucharidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). (In Spanish.) Comunicationes del Museo Argentino de Ciencias naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" 1: 1-15.

• Heraty, J.M. A revision of the Nearctic Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae). JOURBOOK: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario VOLUME: 116 PAGES: 61-103. (1985).

• Heraty, J.M. A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. JOURBOOK: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute VOLUME: 68 PAGES: 367pp. (2002).

• Heraty, J.M. A revision of the genus ¦Isomerala¦ (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). JOURBOOK: Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae VOLUME: 69(1-2) PAGES: 137-145. (2005).

• Howard, R.W., Pérez-Lachaud, G. and Lachaud, J.-P. 2001. Cuticular hydrocarbons of Kapala sulcifacies (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) and its host, the Ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 707-716.

• Lachaud J-P, Cerdan P, Pérez-Lachaud G. (2011) Poneromorph Ants Associated with Parasitoid Wasps of the genus Kapala Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) in French Guiana. Psyche, vol. 2012, Article ID 393486, 6 pages,

• Murray Elizabeth A., Carmichael Andrew E. and Heraty John M. 2013Ancient host shifts followed by host conservatism in a group of ant parasitoidsProc. R. Soc. B.2802013049520130495.

• Murray, E.A., & Heraty, J.M. (2020). Neotropical ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae): interpreting taxonomy, phylogeny and divergent morphologies. Systematic Entomology, 45.

• Pérez-Lachaud, Gabriela, John M Heraty, Andrew Carmichael, Jean-Paul Lachaud, Biology and Behavior of Kapala (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) Attacking Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, and Pachycondyla (Formicidae: Ectatomminae and Ponerinae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 99, Issue 3, 1 May 2006, Pages 567–576.

• Risbec, J. 1954. Chalcidoïdes et Proctotrupoïdes de l'Afrique tropicale française (suppl. 4). (In French.) Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire 16: 1035-1092.

• Shipp, J.W. A new classification of the genus |Thoracantha| Latr. JOURBOOK: Entomologist VOLUME: 27 PAGES: 188-190. (1894).

• Spinola, M. 1853. Compte Rendu des Hyménoptères inédits provenants du voyage entomologique de Mr. Ghiliani dans le Para en 1846. (In French.) Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze de Torino, serie secunda 13: 19-94.

• Walker, F. 1862. Mr. F. Walker's notes on chalcidites and characters of undescribed species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1: 380-385.