Lasius alienus

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Lasius alienus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Lasiini
Genus: Lasius
Section: niger clade
Species group: alienus
Species: L. alienus
Binomial name
Lasius alienus
(Foerster, 1850)

Lasius alienus casent0172724 profile 1.jpg

Lasius alienus casent0172724 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels


Common Name
Hime-tobiiro-ke-ari
Language: Japanese
Cornfield Ant
Language: English

Common in Europe and Asia, rare in Japan. It shows a preference for habitats that are in open areas such as agricultural fields. It is a common species in Greece where it is known from all provinces. In Achaia and Aetolia-Acarnania, it has been observed in rural sites in tourist resorts, mixed and fir forests and mountain pastures. Nests were located under stones. (Borowiec & Salata, 2021)

At a Glance • Limited invasive  

Identification

Seifert (2020) - Absolute size small (CS 823 µm). Scape length index small, head and maxillary palp length indices medium (SL/ CS900 0.946, CL/CW900 1.069, MP6/CS900 0.181). Number of mandibular dents medium (MaDe900 8.18). Clypeal pubescence moderately dense, intermediate between the situation in the Lasius paralienus and Lasius obscuratus species complexes (sqPDCL900 4.11). Pronotal setae relatively long (PnHL/CS900 0.152). Setae number on hind margin of head low (nOcc900 4.9). Gular setae absent or very few (nGu900 0.8). Dorsum of scape and extensor profile of hind tibia without or with very few semierect setae (nSc900 0.1, nHT900 0.9). The best separation from all other species with reduced scape and tibial pilosity is the strong setae reduction on metapleuron below propodeal spiracle (nSt900 0.3). Frequent coloration: Head, mesosoma, coxae and gaster medium brown; antenna, tibiae and tarsae light yellowish brown; mandibles light reddish brown.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

This species occurs throughout Europe and Asia, from the British Isles and Scandinavia south to Morocco and Tunisia, east into Lebanon, northern Iraq, and southern China, and north into Russia, Central Asia, China, and Japan (Ellison et al., 2012). This name had long been applied to a morphologically similar North American form, but this ant is now Lasius americanus (Schär et al. 2018). Recorded from Japan since the early 20th century (e.g. Wheeler, 1906; Teranishi 1915, 1930; Morisita,1945; Japanese Ant Image Database).

Lasius alienus was recorded from all Greek provinces but due to the recent revision of this genus (Seifert, 2020) its historical records should be reinvestigated (Borowiec et al., 2022).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 67.216667° to 22.952079°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Oriental Region: India, Pakistan.
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany (type locality), Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Türkiye, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

Wilson (1955) - In North Africa and France (Bernard, 1950; Scherdlin, 1909), Ireland (O’Rourke, 1950), England (Diver, 1940), Germany (Gosswald, 1932), East Prussia (Skwarra, 1929), and Daghestan (Kuznetzov-Ugamskij, 1929), Lasius alienus typically inhabits open dry situations, nesting under stones and occasionally constructing crater entrances in open soil. It shows much less latitude in nesting sites than its sister species Lasius niger, but is more successful in cultivated areas. Bernard notes that in France it is able to replace niger entirely in pastures, even at high elevations, but tends to give way in turn to Tapinoma simrothi and Tapinoma nigerrimum. Diver, in an intensive study of the comparative ecology of alienus and niger in a local area in Dorset, found alienus restricted mostly to dry heath, whereas niger occurred in every major habitat studied. In Daghestan, Kutznezov-Ugamskij found alienus to have more southern affinities than niger. Where the two occur together, alienus is limited mostly to the steppes and mountain meadows (up to 11,000 feet), while niger occurs mostly in the forests.

In Eurasia alienus is replaced in most habitats, including woodland, by its extremely successful and abundant sister species Lasius niger.

Lasius alienus probably does not differ much from niger in food habits and ethology. Several Europeans, including Gosswald and O'Rourke have independently observed that alienus tends to be the more secretive of the two species. This is possibly correlated with the preference of this species in Eurasia for more exposed situations.

Records of nuptial flights in this species are too sparse to allow a rigorous comparison with niger. In Europe winged forms are found in nido during about the same period as for niger. I have records ranging from June (Trieste, MCZ; no further date) to October 28 (Italy, MCZ) without evident preponderance during any part of this period; a single pair were preserved in copula in October (Trieste; MCZ; no further date).

Regional Notes

Europe

Guiliani et al. (2019) observed this species foraging on extrafloral nectaries of the invasive Reynoutria x bohemica (Polygonaceae) in Tuscany. The habitats examined were river banks and disturbed habitats.

Collingwood (1979) - This wide ranging species nests in the soil on sandy lowland heaths, dry open pasture, sea cliffs and rocky outcrops in North Europe. Its habits are mainly subterranean, feeding on the exudates of root aphids but also by scavenging and predating small insects. Workers are generally unobtrusive and non aggressive compared with Lasius niger. Nests are single queened founded by solitary fertilised queens. Mating swarms occur in August.

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Association with Other Organisms

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Other Insects

  • This species is a host for the temporary parasites Lasius carniolicus (de la Mora et al., 2021; Janda et al., 2004; Seifert, 2018; unconfirmed), Lasius claviger, Lasius distinguendus, Lasius interjectus, Lasius jensi, Lasius latipes, Lasius meridionalis (unconfirmed), Lasius reginae and Lasius umbratus (unconfirmed).
  • This species is associated with the aphids Aphis fabae, Aphis galliiscabri, Aphis gossypii, Aphis idaei, Aphis maidi-radicis, Aphis molluginis, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis pomi, Aphis pseudocardui, Aphis solanella, Aphis urticata, Aphis verbasci, Brachycaudus (Appelia) tragopogonis, Brachycaudus cardui, Capitophorus hippophaes, Chaitophorus kapuri, Cinara atlantica, Cinara palaestinesis, Cinara pini, Dysaphis foeniculus, Dysaphis pyri, Myzus cerasi, Neobetulaphis pusilla, Periphyllus bulgaricus, Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, Sipha maydis and Toxoptera aurantii (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references).
  • This ant has been associated with the butterflies Glaucopsyche alexis and a species that has recently been split into two species: Polyommatus icarus and Polyommatus celin (Obregon et al. 2015).
  • This species is a host for the ichneumonid wasp Hybrizon buccatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the ichneumonid wasp Hybrizon rileyi (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon formicarum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the tachinid fly Strongylogaster globula (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon ruficrus (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).

Mites

  • This species is a host for the mite Imparipes obsoletus (a parasite) (Khaustov, 2015) (ectoparasite).
  • This species is a host for the mite Petalomium carelitschensis (a parasite) (Khaustov, 2015) (ectoparasite).
  • This species is a host for the mite Scutacarus longisetus (a parasite) (Khaustov, 2015) (ectoparasite).

Nematode

  • This species is a host for the nematode "Mermis" (a parasite) in England (Oxford, Cornwal) (Crawley & Baylis, 1921).
  • This species is a host for the nematode Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") (a parasite) in Germany (Wuerzburg) (Gösswald, 1938; Laciny, 2021).
  • This species is a host for the nematode Mermis myrmecophila (a parasite) in Germany (Gosswald, 1929; Laciny, 2021).

Fungi

  • This species is a host for the fungus Laboulbenia formicarum (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
  • This species is a host for the fungus Laboulbenia formicarum (a pathogen) (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).

The reported host/parasite relationship between Lasius distinguendus and Lasius alienus as reported by Janda et al. (2004) should be investigated in the field as Seifert (2018) could not corroborated this relationship (de la Mora et al., 2021).

Reports of Lasius fuliginosus invading Lasius alienus nests (Janda et al., 2004) are unlikely based on biology (Seifert, pers. comm., in de la Mora et al., 2021).

Reports of Lasius mixtus invading Lasius alienus nests (Janda et al., 2004) are a possible misidentification of the host due to subsequent taxonomic revision (de la Mora et al., 2021).

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: monogynous (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)

Castes

  • Liu, C. et al. 2020. Ants of the Hengduan Mountains, Figure 33, Lasius alienus.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Lasius alienus casent0173158 head 1.jpgLasius alienus casent0173158 profile 1.jpgLasius alienus casent0173158 dorsal 1.jpgLasius alienus casent0173158 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173158. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Lasius alienus casent0172725 head 1.jpgLasius alienus casent0172725 profile 1.jpgLasius alienus casent0172725 profile 2.jpgLasius alienus casent0172725 profile 3.jpgLasius alienus casent0172725 dorsal 1.jpgLasius alienus casent0172725 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0172725. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • alienus. Formica aliena Foerster, 1850a: 36 (w.m.) GERMANY.
    • Foerster, 1850a: 71 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 147 (l.); Hauschteck, 1962: 219 (k.).
    • Combination in Lasius: Mayr, 1861: 49 (in key);
    • Combination in Lasius (Lasius): Ruzsky, 1912: 633; Forel, 1915d: 53; Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 172; Karavaiev, 1936: 205;
    • Combination in Donisthorpea: Donisthorpe, 1915d: 212;
    • Combination in Formicina (Donisthorpea): Emery, 1916b: 240;
    • Combination in Formicina: Bondroit, 1918: 25;
    • Combination in Lasius (Donisthorpea): Nadig, 1918: 340;
    • Combination in Acanthomyops: Ruzsky, 1925b: 44;
    • Combination in Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea): Betrem, 1926: 215; Donisthorpe, 1927a: 8; Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1063;
    • Combination in Lasius: Ruzsky, 1916: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 463; Menozzi, 1921: 32; Müller, 1923b: 125; Emery, 1925b: 230; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929a: 27.
    • Combination in Lasius (Lasius): Wilson, 1955a: 77.
    • Subspecies of niger: Forel, 1874: 46 (in key); Mayr, 1877: 20 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 452; Mayr, 1886d: 429; Forel, 1886e: clxvii; Provancher, 1887: 236 (in key); Cresson, 1887: 255; Forel, 1889: 256; Forel, 1890a: lxvii; Emery, 1891b: 16; Forel, 1892i: 307; Lameere, 1892: 64; Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 187 (footnote); Forel, 1894c: 404; Forel, 1894d: 12; Ruzsky, 1896: 71; Saunders, E. 1896: 25; Ruzsky, 1902a: 233; Ruzsky, 1903b: 306; Forel, 1904b: 386; Ruzsky, 1905b: 304; Wheeler, W.M. 1906c: 322; Forel, 1906b: 85; Forel, 1906c: 189; Wasmann, 1906: 114 (in key); Forel, 1909c: 105; Yano, 1910: 421; Bondroit, 1910: 485; Forel, 1910a: 23; Karavaiev, 1910a: 268; Forel, 1911d: 352; Karavaiev, 1912b: 588; Krausse, 1912b: 165; Forel, 1913d: 438; Ruzsky, 1914a: 61; Stitz, 1914: 84; Emery, 1914d: 159; Ruzsky, 1915a: 434; Forel, 1915d: 53 (in key); Emery, 1916b: 240; Ruzsky, 1916: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 172; Escherich, 1917: 332 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1917a: 525; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 463; Nadig, 1918: 340; Santschi, 1919e: 246; Menozzi, 1921: 32; Menozzi, 1922b: 331; Soudek, 1922: 69; Kulmatycki, 1922: 80; Finzi, 1923: 4; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1923: 243; Emery, 1925b: 230; Ruzsky, 1925a: 288; Ruzsky, 1925b: 44; Santschi, 1925g: 349; Soudek, 1925b: 16; Santschi, 1926f: 289; Menozzi, 1926b: 182; Karavaiev, 1927a: 300; Karavaiev, 1927c: 280 (in key); Karavaiev, 1927d: 347; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1927e: 188; Menozzi, 1927b: 91; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928b: 20; Lomnicki, 1928: 8; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 38; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929a: 27; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b: 37; Karavaiev, 1930b: 147; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 80; Karavaiev, 1931e: 214; Soudek, 1931: 13; Gösswald, 1932: 57; Menozzi, 1932b: 311; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 16; Arnol’di, 1933b: 603 (in key); Grandi, 1935: 103; Karavaiev, 1935b: 108; Menozzi, 1936d: 305; Karavaiev, 1936: 205 (redescription); Karavaiev, 1937: 175; Menozzi, 1939a: 312; Morisita, 1945: 22; Ruzsky, 1946: 69; Azuma, 1951: 88; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 850; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 202; Azuma, 1953: 4; Azuma, 1955: 80; Ceballos, 1956: 316.
    • Status as species: Schenck, 1852: 51; Mayr, 1855: 360 (redescription); Nylander, 1856b: 68; Gredler, 1858: 13; Smith, F. 1858b: 7; Mayr, 1861: 49 (in key); Roger, 1861b: 165; Roger, 1863b: 11; Mayr, 1863: 425; Smith, F. 1871b: 2; André, 1874: 180 (in key); Mayr, 1877: 6; Emery, 1878b: 47; Saunders, E. 1880: 209; Mayr, 1880: 26; André, 1882b: 192 (in key); White, W.F. 1884: 255; Nasonov, 1889: 22; Emery, 1891b: 16; Dalla Torre, 1893: 181; Emery, 1897f: 238; Ruzsky, 1902d: 16; Ruzsky, 1903c: 207; Bingham, 1903: 342; Viehmeyer, 1906: 56; Emery, 1908d: 24; Bondroit, 1911: 11; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 212; Bondroit, 1918: 25; Crawley, 1920b: 177; Müller, 1923a: 74; Müller, 1923b: 125; Lomnicki, 1925b: 3; Betrem, 1926: 215; Stärcke, 1926: 124 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1927a: 8; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 242; Finzi, 1933: 165; Stitz, 1934: 9; Zimmermann, 1935: 48; Ruzsky, 1936: 90; Finzi, 1939c: 160; Stitz, 1939: 279; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 101 (in key); Röszler, 1942a: 53; Stärcke, 1944a: 153; van Boven, 1947: 186 (in key); Arnol'di, 1948: 212 (in list); Creighton, 1950a: 419; Röszler, 1951: 91; Consani & Zangheri, 1952: 44; Wilson, 1955a: 77 (redescription); Bernard, 1956b: 261; Bernard, 1959: 351; Dlussky, 1962: 182; Baroni Urbani, 1964a: 7; Baroni Urbani, 1964b: 63; Baroni Urbani, 1964c: 166; Cagniant, 1964: 92; Cagniant, 1966b: 281; Bernard, 1967: 356 (redescription); Baroni Urbani, 1968b: 488; Cagniant, 1968a: 146; Kutter, 1968a: 61; Baroni Urbani, 1969a: 334; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 79; Pisarski, 1969a: 231; Pisarski, 1969b: 306; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1970: 87; Cagniant, 1970c: 38; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 200; Bourne, 1973: 24; Pisarski, 1975: 34; Tarbinsky, 1976: 138 (redescription); Collingwood, 1976: 305; Aktaç, 1977: 126; Azuma, 1977: 117; van Boven, 1977: 144; Kutter, 1977c: 227; Arnol’di & Dlussky, 1978: 555 (in key); Collingwood, 1978: 89 (in key); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1978: 393; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1435; Collingwood, 1979: 97; Yamauchi, 1979: 156; Pisarski & Krzysztofiak, 1981: 160; Schembri & Collingwood, 1981: 438; Collingwood, 1981: 27; Allred, 1982: 479; Collingwood, 1982: 285; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 65; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 282 (in key); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 70; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 149; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 99; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 218; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 159; Casevitz-Weulersse, 1990c: 428; Morisita, et al. 1991: 27; Wu, J. & Wang, 1992: 1312; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 237; Seifert, 1992b: 13 (redescription); Arakelian, 1994: 116; Radchenko, 1994b: 115 (in key); Douwes, 1995: 94; Bolton, 1995b: 221; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 155; Tang, Li, et al. 1995: 108; Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 23 (in key); Czechowski, et al. 2002: 105; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 379; Deyrup, 2003: 45; Imai, et al. 2003: 63; Coovert, 2005: 120; Csösz, & Markó, 2005: 230; Karaman, G.S. & Karaman, 2005: 56; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 64; Bračko, 2006: 148; Bračko, 2007: 20; Seifert, 2007: 272; Werner & Wiezik, 2007: 153; Zryanin & Zryanina, 2007: 234; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 136; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowsky, 2009: 483; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 35; Boer, 2010: 42; Csösz, et al. 2011: 58; Legakis, 2011: 26; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 498; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 263; Ellison, et al. 2012: 189; Borowiec, L. 2014: 83; Seifert & Galkowski, 2016: 52 (in key); Radchenko, 2016: 362; Deyrup, 2017: 206; Schar et al., 2018: 6.
    • Senior synonym of pannonica: Wilson, 1955a: 77; Radchenko, 2016: 362.
    • Material of the unavailable names alienoamericanus, flavidus, turkmenus referred here by Wilson, 1955a: 77.

Type Material

  • Neotype worker plus 10 workers from the neotype nest labelled GER: Eifel, 7.9. 1991, 37 km SE Aachen, Schleiden ; depositories SMN Görlitz, BMNH London (Seifert, 2020).

Wilson (1955) - Dr. H. Bischoff has informed me that no syntypes of Lasius alienus can be located in the Foerster Collection in the Berlin Museum. What may be part of the type series has been found instead in the Mayr Collection and lent me by Dr. M. Beier. This consists of two pins, one holding two workers and the other a single male, labelled "Aach. Forst/Las. alienus det. Mayr." The workers are identifiable as typical alienus.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Wilson (1955) - Within the PW range of 0.53-0.70 mm., the seta count is always less than 20 and usually less than 10. The seta count is strongly allometric, making it advisable to determine individual specimens by comparing them with the regression zones of Figure 6. In Europe the regression zones of Lasius niger and Lasius alienus are parallel but well segregated; the alienus line is set so that the great majority of workers have seta counts of less than 5, while most niger exceed 20. In eastern Asia, on the other hand, alienus evidently becomes scarcer, and the niger zone shifts down and forward to become contiguous with that of alienus. As a result, a small number of individuals cannot be safely determined to either species.

Size ranging and averaging smaller than in niger. In a sample of 147, with no more than 2 per nest series, mean with standard error 0.56 ± 0.004 mm., standard deviation 0.054 mm, Color averaging lighter than niger, although total variation in both species shows complete overlap.

Queen

Wilson (1955) - Seta count never exceeding 10 and usually 0.

Size averaging smaller than niger when the North American populations are included.

Male

Wilson (1955) - Seta count almost always 0.

Size range about the same as in Lasius niger and showing parallel geographic variation. Mandibles typically of niger type, but in two series (Engadin, Switzerland, Kutter leg. and Coll., Hornet, Beltrami Co., Minn., A. Achenbach leg., G. C. Wheeler Coll.) the mandible type is closer to the intermediate type of Lasius brunneus. Subgenital plate showing the same wide variation as in Lasius niger; series from Godinne, Belgium (A. Raignier leg.; MCZ) and the Engadin Valley, Switzerland (Kutter) encompass within themselves the full variation from the unilobed to bilobed condition.

Karyotype

  • n = 15, 2n = 30 (Germany; Switzerland) (Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983) (n=14 was also reported, Lorite and Palomeque 2010 suggested that such karyotype is due Robertsonian polymorphism).
  • 2n = 28 (Switzerland) (Hauschteck, 1962).

Worker Morphology

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References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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