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Phalacromyrmex fugax
| Phalacromyrmex fugax | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Attini |
| Genus: | Phalacromyrmex |
| Species: | P. fugax |
| Binomial name | |
| Phalacromyrmex fugax Kempf, 1960
| |
This Brazilian endemic has been collected in forest habitats. It is only species in the genus and very little is known about the biology of these ants.
Identification
A monotypic genus, the following generic diagnosis is helpful in setting this species apart from all others: Although quite distinct in its own right, this new genus seems at least superficially related with the ants of the tribe Dacetini in the subfamily Myrmicinae. As regards the number of antennal segments, it agrees with the Daceton-complex, but is otherwise completely different in head shape, short triangular mandibles, position of eyes and development of antennal scrobe. By its general habitus Phalacrornyrmex seemingly imitates the short-mandibulate members of the strumigenys-complex, especially Codiomyrmex and Glamyromyrmex (=Strumigenys). However, many important characters, such as the number of antennal segments, the unarmed petiolar and postpetiolar nodes, lacking any trace of spongiform appendages, the normally ovate gaster, lacking an anterior truncation and transverse crest, separate it also from this group. The peculiar palpal formula - maxillary palps with 3, labial palps with 2 segments – removes Phalacrornyrmex from all known Dacetine genera. As long as the sexual forms and the larvae are unknown, it seems best not to include the present genus in the Dacetini, although it seems even farther removed from all other Myrmecine tribes. (Kempf 1960)
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: -23.2508° to -27.818°.
| North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Brazil (type locality).
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
| Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
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Estimated Abundance
| Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
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Biology
Castes
Images from AntWeb
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| Worker. Specimen code casent0103116. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- fugax. Phalacromyrmex fugax Kempf, 1960b: 90, figs. 1-6 (w.) BRAZIL. See also: Bolton, 1984: 377.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
(holotype) - Total length 4,0 mm; maximum length of head capsule 0,94 mm; maximum width of head 0,96 mm; Weber's length of thorax 0,98 mm. Color piceous; mandibles fuscous-ferruginous; antennae, legs and apical segments of gaster brown.
Mandibles opaque, dorsally reticulate-punctate, laterally finely longitudinally striata-rugose; subtriangular in shape, very convex dorsally and laterally; basal border shorter than apical border, the latter bearing 6 prominent, pointed teeth, with a shorter intercalary tooth between each pair except the apical. Labrum strongly bilobed, the outer and anterior border of each lobe fringed with a row of lanceolate hairs.
Head capsule almost as long as broad. Clypeus flat, smooth and shining, semicircular, its anterior border very little convex. The platelike; flat and strongly expanded frontal carinae roofing the antennal scrobe and projecting laterad beyond the cheeks and eyes, invisible in full-face view; their anterior border nearly flush with the clypeal margin, their lateral border almost straight and slightly converging caudad. Occiput not excised at the middle, very gently convex, the occipital corners broadly rounded. Vertex gently convex, gradually sloping downwards towards the sides and occiput. Occipital foramen margined above by a very narrow flange which laterally turns foreward on the underside of the head in the form of a low ridge. Antennal serobe deeply excavate in front, shallower behind, ill-delimited at the postero•inferior corner. Compound eyes rather flat, with about 6 facets across the greatest diameter, situated below the antennal scrobe. Inferior border of cheeks not sharply marginate. Clypeus, front and vertex smooth and shining, with minute and widely spaced punctulae. Dorsum of frontal carinae with several faint longitudinal rugulae which posteriorly curve mesad on the head proper, the mesal ones fusing with those from the opposite side in a semicircular fashion. Between these rugulae the integument is vestigially reticulate-punctate. Cheeks sub opaque, reticulate-punctate and longitudinally rugose. Occiput very faintly and longitudinally rugulose. Antennal scrobe mostly smooth and shining, but traversed by several irregular faint rugae or ridges.
Antennal scape attenuate at base, incrassate toward apex. Funicular segments I, IX and X much longer than broad, segments II and VII nearly as long as broad, all others distinctly broader than long.
Thorax mostly smooth and shining, except for the opaque and heavily sculptured "neck". Pronotum anteriorly and laterally rather sharply marginate, the dorsal and lateral faces meeting at a right angle. Humeral corners rectangular. Dorsum of pronotum faintly sculptured at each side, with a few longitudinal rugulae and reticulate-punctate microsculpture. Sides of pronotum parallel in front, converging behind toward the much narrower mesonotum. Promesonotal suture absent. Promesonotum longitudinally gently, transversely scarcely convex. Mesoepinotal suture slightly impressed, arching toward the epinotum. Basal face of epinotum with strongly marginate and scarcely diverging lateral borders, only half as broad as pronotum. Disc of basal face longitudinally excavate, the excavation starting somewhat behind the mesoepinotal suture, separated from the smooth declivous face by a low transverse costa; each posterior corner with a strongly compressed, platelike, upright, triangular lamella, continuing downwards on the declivous face as a prominent crest. Sides of thorax with a few oblique to transverse costulae just above the middle and hind coxae. Legs rather shining, yet sparsely and superficially reticulate-punctate, tibiae and femora also somewhat rugulose.
Petiole with a long peduncle and posteriorly an elevated node; the latter twice as broad as peduncle, anteriorly marginate, laterally immarginate. Postpetiole trapeziform with convex sides, scarcely broader than petiolar node. Both segments dorsally mostly smooth and shining, ventrally finely reticulate-punctate.
Gaster ovate, smooth and shining, but all tergites also very superficially and finely reticulate. Anterior end of first tergite, in the middle just behind the postpetiolar insertion with a few very short basidorsal costulae.
Erect hairs very scarce, a pair projecting laterad from each side of the head, one at each humeral corner, about 2-3 pairs on mesonotum, 2 pairs on petiolar node, 3 pairs on postpetiolar node, scarce and scattered on gaster. Appressed hairs longer and rather conspicuous on cheeks, antennae and legs, minute and sparse on cephalic dorsum.
The paratype workers differ from the holotype in the slightly more pronounced sculpture of the dorsum of head and pronotum. They possess the following measurements: Total length 3,6-3,8 mm; maximum length of' head capsule 0,87-0,94 mm; maximum width of head 0,89-0,96 mm; Weber's length of thorax 0,87-0,98 mm.
Type Material
3 workers (holotype and para types) from Ibicare, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, collected in July 1959 by F. Plaumann, deposited in this author's collection (WWK), except for one paratype, deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University MCZ. The mouthparts were dissected and drawn from a paratype, the head capsule of which was partly destroyed during the dissection.
References
- Bolton, B. 1984. Diagnosis and relationships of the myrmicine ant genus Ishakidris gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 9: 373-382 (page 377)
- Kempf, W. W. 1960b. Phalacromyrmex, a new ant genus from southern Brazil (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Biol. 20: 89-92 (page 90, figs. 1-6 worker described)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- Favretto M. A., E. Bortolon dos Santos, and C. J. Geuster. 2013. Entomofauna from West of Santa Catarina State, South of Brazil. EntomoBrasilis 6 (1): 42-63.
- Kempf W. W. 1960. Phalacromyrmex, a new ant genus from southern Brazil (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 20: 89-92.
- Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
- Rosa da Silva R. 1999. Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) do oeste de Santa Catarina: historico das coletas e lista atualizada das especies do Estado de Santa Catarina. Biotemas 12(2): 75-100.
- Silva R.R., and C. R. F. Brandao. 2014. Ecosystem-Wide Morphological Structure of Leaf-Litter Ant Communities along a Tropical Latitudinal Gradient. PLoSONE 9(3): e93049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093049
- Silva T. S. R., and R. M. Feitosa. 2019. Using controlled vocabularies in anatomical terminology: A case study with Strumigenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arthropod Structure and Development 52: 1-26.
- Suguituru S. S., R. Rosa Silva, D. R. de Souza, C. de Bortoli Munhae, and M. Santina de Castro Morini. Ant community richness and composition across a gradient from Eucalyptus plantations to secondary Atlantic Forest. Biota Neotrop. 11(1): 369-376.
- Ulyssea M.A., C. E. Cereto, F. B. Rosumek, R. R. Silva, and B. C. Lopes. 2011. Updated list of ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) recorded in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, with a discussion of research advances and priorities. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55(4): 603-611.