Pheidole
Pheidole Temporal range: 37.2–0 Ma Eocene – Recent | |
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Pheidole aberrans | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Attini |
Genus: | Pheidole Westwood, 1839 |
Type species | |
Atta providens, now Pheidole providens | |
Diversity | |
1,294 species 8 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) | |
Synonyms | |
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A hyperdiverse genus of ants that are distinguished by their discrete major and minor workers. While there are other genera with discrete worker castes, none have radiated to the extent of Pheidole. Ants in this genus are most diverse and abundant in the Neotropics but they are also abundant elements of the ant faunas in many other areas of the world. Wilson's (2003) treatment of the New World species and other more recent taxonomic and phylogenetic studies have brought some much needed clarity to defining the boundaries of many species. Still, much work remains before it can be claimed that the genus Pheidole has few new species to be described and that the taxonomy of the group is definitively complete.
Photo Gallery
Identification
Pheidole Working Group - Characters
Pheidole Working Group - Participants
Pheidole Working Group - Taxonomic Catalogue
See images of species within this genus |
Keys including this Genus
- Key to Ant Genera of the Navajo Reservation
- Key to Australian Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to Vietnamese Myrmicinae Genera
- Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico
Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus
Keys to Species in this Genus
- Key to Afrotropical Pheidole pulchella-group species
- Key to the Pheidole of North Vietnam
- Key to Pheidole of the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean
- Key to US Pheidole
- Key to Pheidole aberrans group
- Key to Pheidole biconstricta group
- Key to Pheidole crassicornis group
- Key to Pheidole distorta group
- Key to Pheidole diligens group
- Key to Pheidole fallax group
- Key to Pheidole flavens group
- Key to Pheidole gertrudae group
- Key to Pheidole granulata group
- Key to Pheidole lamia group
- Key to Pheidole perpusilla group
- Key to Pheidole pilifera group
- Key to Pheidole punctatissima group
- Key to Pheidole scrobifera group
- Key to Pheidole tachigaliae group
- Key to Pheidole transversostriata group
- Key to Pheidole tristis group
- Key to New World Pheidole Social Parasites
- Key to Pheidole majors and minors of Borneo
- Key to Pheidole majors of Borneo
- Key to Pheidole minors of Borneo
- Key to Pheidole of the southwestern Australian Botanical Province
- Key to Pheidole roosevelti-group queens
- Key to Pheidole roosevelti-group minors
- Key to Pheidole roosevelti-group majors
- Key to Pheidole of Hispaniola
- Key to Pheidole knowlesi group minors
- Key to Pheidole knowlesi group majors
- Key to Pheidole knowlesi group queens
- Keys to the Pheidole cervicornis group workers
- Key to Pheidole curvistriata species group
- Key to Pheidole ensifera species group
- Key to Pheidole ferruginea species group
- Key to Pheidole longispinosa species group
- Key to Pheidole lutea species group
- Key to Pheidole makaensis species group
- Key to Pheidole masoala species group
- Key to Pheidole nemoralis species group
- Key to Pheidole petax species group
- Key to Pheidole species groups of Madagascar
Regional Treatments
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | 158 | 63 | 155 | 133 | 78 | 668 | 126 | 74 |
Total Species | 2841 | 1736 | 3045 | 932 | 835 | 4379 | 1741 | 2862 |
Fossils
Fossils are known from: Baltic amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Dominican amber, Dominican Republic (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Florissant, Colorado, United States (Late Eocene), Zhangpu amber, Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, China (Miocene) (an unidentified species, Wang et al., 2021).
Biology
Ant Gardens
Two unidentified species of Pheidole from peninsular Malaysia are known to form ant-gardens (i.e., they are able to initiate ant gardens or are restricted to ant gardens) (Campbell et al., 2022; Kaufmann at al., 2001; Kaufmann, 2002 (noted as ant-garden initiator); Kaufmann & Maschwitz, 2006; Orivel & Leroy, 2011).
Association with Other Organisms
- Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Species Uncertain
- Unknown species of Pheidole are hosts for the following encyrtid and eucharitid wasps (Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database): Holcencyrtus wheeleri (associate), Australosema valgius (primary host), Hayatosema assectator (primary host), Losbanus "sp. nr. rugulosa", Orasema sp. (primary host), Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri", Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri", Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri", Orasema minuta (primary host), Orasema minutissima, Orasema susanae (primary host), Orasema tolteca (primary host), Orasema wayqecha, Orasemorpha eribotes (primary host) and Orasemorpha myrmicae (primary host).
- Unknown species of Pheidole are hosts for the strepsipteran Stichotrema robertsoni (Kathirithamby, 1991; Cook, 2019) and the cricket Myrmecophilus ochraceus.
- An unknown species is host for the ectoparasitic mite Caesarodispus pheidolei in Iran (Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015).
- An unknown species is host for nymphs of the cricket Myrmecophilus ochraceus (Stalling & Cassar, 2020).
- An unknown species is host for the phorid fly Apocepbalus sp. in Pakitza, Peru (Brown & Fenner, 1998).
- An unknown species is a associate (details unknown) for the encyrtid wasp Holcencyrtus wheeleri (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina australis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina beveridgei (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina chiltoni (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina circumvalata (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina dromaius (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina mehrai (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina mitchelli (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina singhi (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina tetragona (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema assectator (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema minuta (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. nr. bouceki (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. uichancoi-group (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema susanae (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema tolteca (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema valgius (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasemorpha eribotes (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasemorpha myrmicae (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus grandipalpus sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the strepsipteran Apocephalus quadriglumis (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the strepsipteran Pseudacteon obtusus (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
All Associate Records for Genus
Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
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Pheidole | associate (details unknown) | encyrtid wasp | Holcencyrtus wheeleri | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina australis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina beveridgei | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina chiltoni | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina circumvalata | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina dromaius | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina echinobothrida | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina mehrai | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina mitchelli | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina singhi | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cestode | Raillietina tetragona | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus ochraceus | myrmecophile | Mediterranean region | ||
Pheidole | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus ochraceus | myrmecophile | Mediterranean region | Stalling & Cassar, 2020 | nymphs |
Pheidole | host | encyrtid wasp | Holcencyrtus wheeleri | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Australosema valgius | parasite | Girault, 1913; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Hayatosema assectator | parasite | Das, 1963; Kerrich, 1963; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Losbanus "sp. nr. rugulosa" | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019 | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019 | ''Pheidole'' nr. ''californica'' | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019 | ''Pheidole'' nr. ''clementensis'' | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema assectator | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema minuta | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host; ''Pheidole'' nr. ''tetra'' | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema minuta | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema minutissima | parasite | Mann, 1918; Heraty, 1994; Wetterer & Porter, 2003; Burks et al. 2018; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. nr. bouceki | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. uichancoi-group | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema susanae | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host; ''Pheidole'' nr. ''tetra'' | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema susanae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema tolteca | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema tolteca | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema valgius | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wayqecha | parasite | Herreid, 2015; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasemorpha eribotes | parasite | Boucek, 1988; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasemorpha eribotes | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasemorpha myrmicae | parasite | Heraty, 1994; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasemorpha myrmicae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | mite | Caesarodispus pheidolei | parasite | Iran | Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015 | ectoparasite |
Pheidole | host | phorid fly | Apocepbalus sp. | parasite | Pakitza, Peru | Brown & Fenner, 1998 | |
Pheidole | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus grandipalpus sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | strepsipteran | Apocephalus quadriglumis | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | strepsipteran | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole | host | strepsipteran | Stichotrema robertsoni | parasite | South Africa | Kathirithamby, 1991; Cook, 2019 | |
Pheidole absurda | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | Neotropics | Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021 | |
Pheidole acutidens | workerless inquiline | ant | Pheidole nitidula | host | Brazil | Casadei Ferreira et al., 2016; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ferreira et al., 2016; Wilson, 2003 | |
Pheidole alfaroi | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wayqecha | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole antillana | host | ant | Solenopsis enigmatica | inquiline | de la Mora et al., 2021; Deyrup & Prusak, 2008 | ||
Pheidole bergi | host | cestode | Raillietina echinobothrida | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | cestode | Raillietina echinobothrida | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | cestode | Raillietina georgiensis | parasite | Georgia, United States | Muir, 1954; Laciny, 2021 | as ''Pheidole vinelandica'' |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | cestode | Raillietina georgiensis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | cestode | Raillietina loeweni | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | cestode | Raillietina tetragona | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema coloradensis | parasite | Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | eucharitid wasp | Oresema sp. | parasite | Arizona | Stefan Cover (pers. obs.) | |
Pheidole bicarinata | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | United States | Pereira, 2004; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |
Pheidole bicarinata | mutualist | aphid | Aphis asclepiadis | trophobiont | Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole bicarinata | mutualist | aphid | Thecabius populimonilis | trophobiont | Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole bilimeki | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole californica | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. b2 nr bakeri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole capensis | host | eucharitid wasp | Timioderus acuminatus | parasite | Heraty, 2000; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole ceres | associate (details unknown) | encyrtid wasp | Pheidoloxenus wheeleri | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole ceres | host | ant | Pheidole elecebra | workerless inquiline | |||
Pheidole ceres | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wheeleri | parasite | Wheeler, 1907; Gahan, 1940; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole ceres | host | pteromalid wasp | Pheidoloxenus wheeleri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode unknown; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole clementensis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. b2 nr bakeri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole constipata | host | phorid fly | Microselia texana | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | cestode | Raillietina tetragona | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema achkola | parasite | Heraty, 1994; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema evansi | parasite | Burks et al., 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema robertsoni | parasite | Van Pelt, 1950; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. c1 near costari. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp.1 | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema viridis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wheeleri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | Texas, United States | Wheeler, 1901; Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021 | as ''Pheidole commutata'' |
Pheidole dentata | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus feeneri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus tenuipes | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole dentata | prey | syrphid fly | Serichlamys | predator | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole desertorum | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema simulatrix | parasite | Carey et al., 2012; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole diversipilosa | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus orthocladus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole elecebra | workerless inquiline | ant | Pheidole ceres | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Wilson, 2003 | ||
Pheidole fervens | mutualist | aphid | Aphis gossypii | trophobiont | Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole fervida | associate (details unknown) | phorid fly | Hypogeophora macrothrix | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole fervida | host | cestode | Raillietina tetragona | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole flavens | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema costaricensis | parasite | Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Kempf, 1972; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole gibba | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema chunpi | parasite | Brazil | Silva & Casadei-Ferreira, 2020 | |
Pheidole gouldi | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | Guatemala | Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021 | |
Pheidole hyatti | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema tolteca | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole hyatti | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus brunneiventris | parasite | phorid.net | attacked | |
Pheidole indica | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Japan | Hosoishi et al., 2020 | |
Pheidole indica | mutualist | aphid | Aphis craccivora | trophobiont | Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | as ''Pheidole teneriffana'' | |
Pheidole indica | mutualist | aphid | Aphis umbrella | trophobiont | Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | as ''Pheidole teneriffana'' | |
Pheidole inquilina | inquiline | ant | Pheidole pilifera | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Wilson, 2003 | ||
Pheidole jelskii | host | strepsipteran | Caenocholax fenyesi | parasite | Cook, 2019 | ||
Pheidole jucunda fossulata | host | cestode | Cotugnia digonopora | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole jucunda fossulata | host | cestode | Raillietina echinobothrida | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole jucunda fossulata | host | cestode | Raillietina tetragona | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole kusnezovi | workerless inquiline | ant | Pheidole susannae | host | |||
Pheidole lucida | inquiline | ant | Pheidole madecassa | host | Madagascar | Fischer et al., 2020 | |
Pheidole madecassa | host | ant | Pheidole lucida | inquiline | Madagascar | Fischer et al., 2020 | |
Pheidole megacephala rotundata | associate (details unknown) | phorid fly | Plastophorides bequaerti | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole nitidula | host | ant | Pheidole acutidens | workerless inquiline | Brazil | Ferreira et al., 2016 | |
Pheidole nitidula | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema argentina | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole nitidula | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema worcesteri | parasite | Gemignani, 1933; Heraty et al., 1993; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole nitidula | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema worcesteri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole nodus | host | cestode | Raillietina tetragona | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole nodus | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Japan | Hosoishi et al., 2020 | |
Pheidole obtusospinosa | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema tolteca | parasite | Mann, 1914; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole obtusospinosa | host | phorid fly | Apocepbalus sp. 29 | parasite | Pefia Blanca Lake, AZ, USA | Brown & Fenner, 1998 | as ''Pheidole subdentata'' |
Pheidole obtusospinosa | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus sp. 29 | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole oculata | inquiline | ant | Pheidole veteratrix | host | Madagascar | Fischer et al., 2020 | |
Pheidole paiute | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole pallidula | host | cestode | Raillietina circumvalata | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole pallidula | host | cestode | Raillietina echinobothrida | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole pallidula | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus balcanicus | myrmecophile | Macedonia | ||
Pheidole pallidula | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Portugal, Slovenia, Spain | García, F., Espadaler, X. 2010; Espadaler & Roig, 2012; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012; Gonçalves et al., 2012 | |
Pheidole pallidula | host | nematode | Hexamermis | parasite | France | Passera, 1976; Laciny, 2021 | |
Pheidole pallidula | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | France | Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021 | |
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Aphis davletshinae | trophobiont | Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Aphis frangulae | trophobiont | Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Aphis nerii | trophobiont | Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Aphis umbrella | trophobiont | Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Cinara palaestinesis | trophobiont | Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Myzus persicae | trophobiont | Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | aphid | Thelaxes suberis | trophobiont | Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | butterfly | Favonius quercus | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Pheidole pallidula | mutualist | butterfly | Zizeeria knysna | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Pheidole perpilosa | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus brunneiventris | parasite | phorid.net | attacked | |
Pheidole picea | xenobiont | ant | Lasius minutus | xenobiont | United States | Gaige ,1914; Kanizsai et al., 2013 | Hardwood forest. In a stump. |
Pheidole picea | xenobiont | ant | Lasius nearcticus | xenobiont | United States | Gaige ,1914; Kanizsai et al., 2013 | Hardwood forest. Under rock. |
Pheidole picea | xenobiont | ant | Myrmecina americana | xenobiont | United States | Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1901 | |
Pheidole pilifera | host | ant | Pheidole inquilina | inquiline | |||
Pheidole pilifera | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema occidentalis | parasite | Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole pilifera | mutualist | aphid | Pemphigus populiramulorum | trophobiont | Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole polita | associate (details unknown) | encyrtid wasp | Holcencyrtus wheeleri | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole proxima | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasemorpha tridentata | parasite | Brues, 1934; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole radoszkowskii | host | ant | Oxyepoecus inquilinus | inquiline | Delsinne et al., 2011 | ||
Pheidole radoszkowskii | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema worcesteri | parasite | Gemignani, 1933; Heraty et al., 1993; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole radoszkowskii | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema worcesteri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole radoszkowskii | host | strepsipteran | Caenocholax fenyesi | parasite | Cook, 2019 | ||
Pheidole sauberi | host | nematode | Mermithidae (species unspecified) | parasite | Philippines | General & Buenavente, 2021 | |
Pheidole sciophila | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wheeleri | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole singaporensis | host | Carabid beetle | Cryptocephalomorpha siamensis | myrmecophile | Thailand | Maruyama et al., 2016; Maruyama et al., 2023 | |
Pheidole singaporensis | host | hydrophilid beetle | Chimaerocyon shimadai | myrmecophile | Malaysia | Fikáček et al., 2013; Maruyama et al., 2023 | |
Pheidole singaporensis | host | tenebrionid beetle | Platybolium watanai | myrmecophile | Thailand | Maruyama et al., 2023 | found at entrance of a ''Pheidole singaporensis'' nest at the base of a large living tree |
Pheidole soritis | host | cestode | Raillietina loeweni | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest; as Pheidole sitarches campestris | |
Pheidole susannae | host | ant | Pheidole kusnezovi | workerless inquiline | |||
Pheidole susannae | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | Guatemala | Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021 | |
Pheidole tasmaniensis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasemorpha xeniades | parasite | Heraty, 1994; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole tepicana | associate (details unknown) | encyrtid wasp | Pheidoloxenus wheeleri | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
Pheidole tepicana | host | encyrtid wasp | Holcencyrtus wheeleri | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate, primary host | |
Pheidole tepicana | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema viridis | parasite | Wheeler, 1907; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole tepicana | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema viridis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole tepicana | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wheeleri | parasite | Wheeler, 1907; Gahan, 1940; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Pheidole tepicana | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema wheeleri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole tepicana | host | pteromalid wasp | Pheidoloxenus wheeleri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode unknown; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole tetra | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema minuta | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole tetra | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema susanae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole titanis | host | chalcid wasp | Notaspidium sp. | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Pheidole titanis | host | phorid fly | Apocephalus sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Pheidole tysoni | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | United States | Pereira, 2004; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |
Pheidole vallifica | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema costaricensis | parasite | Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Kempf, 1972; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole veteratrix | host | ant | Pheidole oculata | inquiline | Madagascar | Fischer et al., 2020 | |
Pheidole veteratrix | host | eucharitid wasp | Ibitya communis | parasite | Burks et al., 2017; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
Pheidole vorax | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | Guatemala | Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021 | |
Pheidole williamsi | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Galapagos Islands | Espadaler, 1997 |
Flight Period
All Flight Records for Genus
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Taxon | Month | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Pheidole bicarinata | Jun • Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole californica | Apr • May | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole ceres | Jul | Wilson, 2003 | |
Pheidole christopherseni | Jan • Feb • Mar • Nov • Dec | Kaspari et al., 2001 | |
Pheidole dentata | Apr • May • Jun | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole dentigula | May | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole desertorum | Jun • Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole diversipilosa | Jun | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole flavens | May | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole floridana | Apr • May | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole gilvescens | Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole hyatti | May • Jun • Jul | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole moerens | May • Jun • Jul | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole morrisii | May • Jun | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole navigans | Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole obscurithorax | May • Jun • Jul | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole obtusospinosa | Jul • Aug • Sep | Creighton, 1958; Wilson, 2003 | |
Pheidole pallidula | May • Jun • Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole pilifera | Jun • Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole tysoni | Aug | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole vistana | Jun • Jul | antkeeping.info | |
Pheidole xerophila | Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info |
Life History Traits
- Worker-produced males: absent (Goetsch (1953) cited in Fletcher and Ross (1985); Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (worker ovaries reported to be vestigial or absent)
- Mean colony size: 22-10000 (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: inquilinism (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: hypogaeic; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: omnivore (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Morphology
Worker Morphology
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• Antennal segment count: 9; 10; 11; 12 • Antennal club: gradual, 3, 4 • Palp formula: 3,2; 2,2; 1,1; 1,0 (1,1 or 1,0 in inquiline species only) • Total dental count: 8-18 (minor worker); 3-7 (major worker and queen); 0-1 (inquilines) • Spur formula: 0,0 • Eyes: 11-100 ommatidia • Scrobes: absent • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: dentiform; present • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: dimorphic, rarely trimorphic or polymorphic • Sting: absent • Metaplural Gland: absent; present • Cocoon: absent
Male Morphology
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• Antennal segment count 8; 11; 12; 13 • Antennal club absent • Palp formula 3,2; 2,2; 1,1; 1,0 • Total dental count 0-7 (0-1 in inquilines, 2-7 or rarely 1 otherwise) • Spur formula 0,0 • Notes: palp formula 1,1 or 1,0 in inquiline species only
Karyotype
Species Uncertain
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-20): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-21): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-22): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-23): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-24): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-25): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-26): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-27): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-28): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-29): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-30): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-31): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.(ANIC-32): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
- Pheidole sp.1: 2n = 42, karyotype = 20M+22A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near P. grayi).
- Pheidole sp.1: n = 10, 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.1: n = 10, 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
- Pheidole sp.2: n = 10, 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.2: 2n = 18 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
- Pheidole sp.3: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Pheidole sp.3: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.3: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
- Pheidole sp.4: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Pheidole sp.4: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.4: 2n = 18 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
- Pheidole sp.5: 2n = 30, karyotype = 18M+12A (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Pheidole sp.5: 2n = 18 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
- Pheidole sp.5: n = 16 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.5: n = 17 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.6: 2n = 18 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
- Pheidole sp.6: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.7: 2n = 18 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
- Pheidole sp.7: 2n = 16 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.8: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Pheidole sp.8: 2n = 32 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
- Pheidole sp.8: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.9: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near P. fossulata).
- Pheidole sp.9: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.10: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Pheidole sp.11: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Pheidole sp.11: 2n = 22 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.12: n = 10, 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.13: 2n = 28, karyotype = 16M+12A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near P. watsoni).
- Pheidole sp.13: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.14: 2n = 18, karyotype = 18M (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Pheidole sp.14: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.15: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.16: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.17: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.17: 2n = 21 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.18: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.19: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole sp.20: n = 18, 2n = 36 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
- Pheidole: n = 9 (Australia) (Crozier, 1966) ('Pheidole concentrica group)."
- Pheidole: n = 10 (Japan) (Imai, 1969)."
- 2n = 20, karyotype = 18M + 2SM (Brazil) (Teixeira et al., 2020) (Pheidole flavens species group).
All Karyotype Records for Genus
- See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.
- Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pheidole | 16 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Pheidole | 18 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | |||
Pheidole | 18 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Pheidole | 18 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Pheidole | 18 | Sarawak | Tjan et al., 1986 | |||
Pheidole | 18 | 18M | India | Imai et al., 1984 | ||
Pheidole | 20 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | |||
Pheidole | 20 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Pheidole | 20 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Pheidole | 20 | 18M + 2SM | Brazil | Teixeira et al., 2020 | ''Pheidole flavens'' species group | |
Pheidole | 20 | 20M | India | Imai et al., 1984 | near ''P. fossulata'' | |
Pheidole | 20 | 20M | India | Imai et al., 1984 | ||
Pheidole | 21 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Pheidole | 22 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Pheidole | 28 | 16M+12A | India | Imai et al., 1984 | near ''P. watsoni'' | |
Pheidole | 30 | 18M+12A | India | Imai et al., 1984 | ||
Pheidole | 32 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Pheidole | 38 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Pheidole | 38 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Pheidole | 42 | 20M+22A | India | Imai et al., 1984 | near ''P. grayi'' | |
Pheidole | 10 | Japan | Imai, 1969 | |||
Pheidole | 10 | 20 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | ||
Pheidole | 10 | 20 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983 | ||
Pheidole | 10 | 20 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | ||
Pheidole | 10 | 20 | Sarawak | Tjan et al., 1986 | ||
Pheidole | 16 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Pheidole | 17 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Pheidole | 18 | 36 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | ||
Pheidole | 9 | Australia | Crozier, 1966 | 'Pheidole concentrica'' group | ||
Pheidole | 9 | 18 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | ||
Pheidole | 9 | 18 | Sarawak | Tjan et al., 1986 | ||
Pheidole binghamii | 20 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Pheidole capellinii | 20 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Pheidole dentata | 20 | USA | Crozier, 1970b | |||
Pheidole dentigula | 10 | 20 | USA | Crozier, 1970b | ||
Pheidole desertorum | 20 | 20M | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | ||
Pheidole fallax | 10 | 20 | 20M | Uruguay | Goni et al., 1983 | |
Pheidole fervens | 17 | Crozier, 1975 | as ''Pheidole nodus'' | |||
Pheidole fervens | 18 | Crozier, 1975 | as ''Pheidole nodus'' | |||
Pheidole fervens | 19 | Crozier, 1975 | as ''Pheidole nodus'' | |||
Pheidole fervens | 19 | 38 | Japan | Imai, 1969 | as ''Pheidole nodus'' | |
Pheidole fervens | 20 | Crozier, 1975 | as ''Pheidole nodus'' | |||
Pheidole fervida | 10 | 20 | Japan | Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969 | ||
Pheidole germaini | 22 | 18M+2SM+2ST | Brazil | Teixeira et al., 2020 | ||
Pheidole hortensis | 20 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Pheidole hyatti | 20 | 20M | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | ||
Pheidole indica | 20 | 20M | India | Imai et al., 1984 | as ''Pheidole rotschana'' | |
Pheidole latinoda | 42 | 20M+22A | India | Imai et al., 1984 | ||
Pheidole mus | 12 | 12M | India | Imai et al., 1984 | ||
Pheidole nodus | 37 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1975 | |||
Pheidole nodus | 39 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1975 | |||
Pheidole nodus | 17 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1975 | |||
Pheidole nodus | 18 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1975 | |||
Pheidole nodus | 19 | 38 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1975 | ||
Pheidole nodus | 20 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1975 | |||
Pheidole pallidula | 24 | Switzerland | Hauschteck, 1961 | |||
Pheidole pallidula | 10 | 20 | Greece; Spain; Switzerland; Tunisia | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 | ||
Pheidole pallidula | 10 | 20 | 8M+12SM | Spain | Palomeque et al., 1987; Palomeque et al., 1990b; Lorite et al., 2000 | |
Pheidole plagiaria | 20 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Pheidole porcula | 20 | 20M | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | ||
Pheidole soritis | 18 | 18M | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | as ''Pheidole sitarches campestris'' | |
Pheidole spininodis | 20 | 20M | Uruguay | Goni et al., 1983 | ||
Pheidole strobeli | 20 | 20M | Uruguay | Goni et al., 1983 | ||
Pheidole subarmata | 20 | 20M | Uruguay | Goni et al., 1983 | as ''Pheidole cornutula'' | |
Pheidole tepicana | 18 | 18M | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | ||
Pheidole woodmasoni | 18 | 18M | India | Imai et al., 1984 |
Phylogeny
Myrmicinae |
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See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- PHEIDOLE [Myrmicinae: Pheidolini]
- Pheidole Westwood, 1839: 219. Type-species: Atta providens, by monotypy.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Oecophthora: Smith, F. 1858a: 282; Smith, F. 1858b: 172.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Leptomyrma: Emery, 1892b: 166.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Allopheidole, Cardiopheidole: Emery, 1921f: 84.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Phidole: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 806.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Macropheidole: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 800.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Epipheidole: Cole, 1965: 174.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Anergatides, Bruchomyrma, Ceratopheidole, Conothoracoides, Conothorax (homonym), Decapheidole, Elasmopheidole, Electropheidole, Eriopheidole, Gallardomyrma, Hendecapheidole (and its junior synonym Cephalomorium), Ischnomyrmex (and its junior synonym Isopheidole), Parapheidole, Pheidolacanthinus, Phidola, Scrobopheidole, Stegopheidole, Sympheidole, Trachypheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365-1366; Snelling, R.R. 1981: 395.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Anergatides, Bruchomyrma: Wilson, 1984: 327.
- Pheidole senior synonym of Xenoaphaenogaster: Bolton, 1987: 291.
- ALLOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Allopheidole Forel, 1912f: 237 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole kingi (junior synonym of Pheidole tepicana), by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 79.
- Allopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Emery, 1921f: 84.
- ANERGATIDES [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Anergatides Wasmann, 1915b: 281. Type-species: Anergatides kohli (junior secondary homonym in Pheidole, replaced by Pheidole neokohli), by monotypy.
- Anergatides junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 1984: 328.
- ANISOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Anisopheidole Forel, 1914c: 616 (footnote) [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole froggatti (junior synonym of Atta antipodum), by monotypy.
- [Anisopheidole also described as new by Forel, 1915b: 61.]
- Anisopheidole raised to genus: Ettershank, 1966: 129.
- Anisopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- BRUCHOMYRMA [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Bruchomyrma Santschi, 1922d: 248. Type-species: Bruchomyrma acutidens, by monotypy.
- Bruchomyrma junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 1984: 327.
- [Bruchomyrma listed as genus: Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 80 (anachronism)].
- Bruchomyrma junior synonym of Pheidole: Bolton, 1994: 106; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- CARDIOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Cardiopheidole Wheeler, W.M. 1914b: 48 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole vaslitii, by original designation.
- Cardiopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Emery, 1921f: 84.
- CEPHALOMORIUM [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Cephalomorium Forel, 1922: 91 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Cephalomorium) bahai, by monotypy.
- Cephalomorium junior synonym of Hendecapheidole: Santschi, 1925d: 228.
- Cephalomorium junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 2003: 6].
- CERATOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Ceratopheidole Pergande, 1896: 889 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole (Ceratopheidole) granulata, by monotypy.
- Ceratopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- CONOTHORACOIDES [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Conothoracoides Strand, 1935: 176. Replacement name for Conothorax Karavaiev, 1935a: 75. [Junior homonym of Conothorax Jekel, 1854: 9 bis (foldout pages) (Coleoptera).]
- Conothoracoides junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366.
- DECAPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Decapheidole Forel, 1912f: 237 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole perpusilla, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 80.
- Decapheidole raised to genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 661; Borgmeier, 1927c: 78.
- Decapheidole subgenus of Pheidole: Emery, 1922e: 112; Kempf, 1972a: 183.
- Decapheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- ELASMOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Elasmopheidole Forel, 1913k: 43 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole aberrans, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1915i: 190.
- Elasmopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366.
- ELECTROPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Electropheidole Mann, 1921: 438 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole (Electropheidole) roosevelti, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1943f: 642.
- Electropheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366.
- EPIPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Epipheidole Wheeler, W.M. 1903f: 664. Type-species: Epipheidole inquilina, by monotypy.
- [Epipheidole also described as new by Wheeler, W.M. 1904a: 14.]
- Epipheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Cole, 1965: 174.
- ERIOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Eriopheidole Kusnezov, 1952a: 10. Type-species: Eriopheidole symbiotica (junior secondary homonym in Pheidole, replaced by Pheidole kusnezovi), by monotypy.
- Eriopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Bolton, 1994: 106.
- GALLARDOMYRMA [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Gallardomyrma Bruch, 1932: 271. Type-species: Gallardomyrma argentina, by original designation.
- Gallardomyrma junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 1984: 327.
- [Gallardomyrma listed as genus: Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 80 (anachronism)].
- Gallardomyrma junior synonym of Pheidole: Bolton, 1994: 106; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- HENDECAPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Hendecapheidole Wheeler, W.M. 1922d: 3 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole tachigaliae, by original designation.
- Hendecapheidole senior synonym of Cephalomorium: Santschi, 1925d: 228.
- Hendecapheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- ISCHNOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Ischnomyrmex Mayr, 1862: 738. Type-species: Myrmica longipes, by monotypy.
- Ischnomyrmex junior synonym of Aphaenogaster: Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Bingham, 1903: 270.
- Ischnomyrmex subgenus of Aphaenogaster: Forel, 1891b: 166; André, 1893b: 150; Dalla Torre, 1893: 98; Forel, 1899c: 59; Emery, 1908c: 313; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 140.
- Ischnomyrmex subgenus of Stenamma: Emery, 1895c: 298; Emery, 1895j: 769; Forel, 1903a: 693.
- Ischnomyrmex subgenus of Pheidole: Forel, 1913k: 49.
- Ischnomyrmex as genus: Stitz, 1911a: 367; Emery, 1914a: 40; Forel, 1917: 241; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 661; Emery, 1922e: 113.
- Ischnomyrmex senior synonym of Isopheidole: Forel, 1913k: 49; Emery, 1922e: 113 [both have the same type-species, synonymy is therefore absolute].
- Ischnomyrmex junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365.
- ISOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Isopheidole Forel, 1912m: 765 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Myrmica longipes, by monotypy.
- Isopheidole junior synonym of Ischnomyrmex: Forel, 1913k: 49 [both have the same type-species, synonymy is therefore absolute].
- Isopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365.
- LEPTOMYRMA [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Leptomyrma Motschoulsky, 1863: 17. Type-species: Leptomyrma gracilipes, by monotypy.
- Leptomyrma junior synonym of Pheidole: Emery, 1892b: 166.
- MACHOMYRMA [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Machomyrma Forel, 1895f: 425 [as subgenus of Liomyrmex]. Type-species: Liomyrmex (Machomyrma) dispar, by monotypy.
- Machomyrma raised to genus: Emery, 1896e: 184.
- Machomyrma junior synonym of Pheidole: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- MACROPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Macropheidole Emery, 1915i: 190 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole fimbriata, by monotypy.
- Macropheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 800; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366.
- OECOPHTHORA [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Oecophthora Heer, 1852: 15. Type-species: Oecophthora pusilla (junior synonym of Formica megacephala), by monotypy.
- Oecophthora junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858a: 282; Smith, F. 1858b: 172.
- PARAPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Parapheidole Emery, 1915d: 68. Type-species: Aphaenogaster oculata, by monotypy.
- Parapheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366.
- PHEIDOLACANTHINUS [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Pheidolacanthinus Smith, F. 1865: 75. Type-species: Pheidolacanthinus armatus (junior synonym of Myrmica quadrispinosa), by monotypy.
- Pheidolacanthinus subgenus of Pheidole: Forel, 1900a: 25.
- Pheidolacanthinus junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365.
- PHIDOLA [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Phidola Schulz, W.A. 1906: 155, unjustified emendation of Pheidole.
- Phidola junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365.
- PHIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Phidole Bingham, 1903: 220, unjustified emendation of Pheidole.
- Phidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Wheeler, 1922a: 806.
- SCROBOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Scrobopheidole Emery, 1915i: 190 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole scrobifera, by monotypy.
- Scrobopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- STEGOPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Stegopheidole Emery, 1915i: 190 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole (Elasmopheidole) upeneci, by monotypy.
- Stegopheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366.
- SYMPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Sympheidole Wheeler, W.M. 1904a: 7. Type-species: Sympheidole elecebra, by monotypy.
- Sympheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1365; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- TRACHYPHEIDOLE [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Trachypheidole Emery, 1915i: 190 [as subgenus of Pheidole]. Type-species: Pheidole bicornis, by original designation.
- Trachypheidole junior synonym of Pheidole: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1366; Wilson, 2003: 6.
- XENOAPHAENOGASTER [junior synonym of Pheidole]
- Xenoaphaenogaster Baroni Urbani, 1964b: 50. Type-species: Xenoaphaenogaster inquilina (junior synonym of Myrmica pallidula), by original designation.
- Xenoaphaenogaster junior synonym of Pheidole: Bolton, 1987: 291.
Etymology
Greek pheidolos = thrifty
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- Tinaut, A., Ruano, F. 2021. Biogeography of Iberian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Diversity 13, 88. (doi:10.3390/d13020088).
- Wang, B., Shi, G., Xu, C., Spicer, R. A., Perrichot, V., Schmidt, A. R., Feldberg, K., Heinrichs, J., Chény, C., Pang, H., Liu, X., Gao, T., Wang, Z., Ślipiński, A., Solórzano-Kraemer, M. M., Heads, S. W., Thomas, M. J., Sadowski, E. M., Szwedo, J., Azar, D., Nel, A., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Luo, C., Yu, T., Zheng, D., Zhang, H., Engel, M. S. 2021. The mid-Miocene Zhangpu biota reveals an outstandingly rich rainforest biome in East Asia. Science advances, 7(18), eabg0625 (doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg0625).
- Westwood, J. O. 1839a. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Volume 2. Part XI. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, pp. 193-224. (page 219, Pheidole as genus)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 139, Pheidole in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 661, Pheidole in Myrmicinae, Pheidolini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922j. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 711-1004 (page 806, Pheidole senior synonym of Phidole.)
- Wilson, E. O. 1984b. Tropical social parasites in the ant genus Pheidole, with an analysis of the anatomical parasitic syndrome (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Soc. 31: 316-334 (page 327, Pheidole senior synonym of Anergatides and Bruchomyrma)
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