Pheidole pilifera

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Pheidole pilifera
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Attini
Genus: Pheidole
Species: P. pilifera
Binomial name
Pheidole pilifera
(Roger, 1863)

Pheidole pilifera casent0102866 profile 1.jpg Pheidole pilifera casent0102866 dorsal 1.jpg Specimen Label

Synonyms

The last published taxonomic treatment of this species (Wilson 2003) hypothesized this is a morphologically variable, broadly distributed species that is found in a wide range of habitats. Wilson's treatment and earlier work by Cole (1950) synonymized numerous subspecies (see the bottom of the taxonomy box to the right). Future taxonomic research is likely to conclude what some North American myrmecologists already believe - that this name subsumes more than the single species P. pilifera.

Identification

See the description in the nomenclature section.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Pheidole pilifera is the most widespread and northward-reaching of all the Nearctic Pheidole. The species, as presently broadly construed, ranges from Massachusetts south to Georgia and west to California, extending through the midwest as far north as Minnesota, North Dakota and southwest to Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. (Wilson 2003)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 45.87844° to 19.53194°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States (type locality).
Neotropical Region: Mexico.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

Colonies of pilifera excavate crater nests in exposed soil and harvest seeds, which are stored in nest chambers. In Colorado, Gregg (1963) found the species (as subsp. coloradensis) abundant at 1500 to 2600 m, in a wide range of habitats, from short-grass prairie, roadsides, and herbaceous semi-desert to mixed canyon forest and mountain mahogany shrub. Sexuals were present in the nest from the first week in June to the last week in July. P. pilifera is also notable in Colorado as the host of the social parasite Pheidole inquilina. In Nevada, pilifera ranges between 900 and 2300 m, nesting in desert and juniper-pinyon woodland, both under stones and in the open soil, where it forms craters 25–60 mm wide (G. C. and J. Wheeler 1986). According to Stefan Cover (personal communication), “In the eastern U. S. pilifera occurs in open, grassy habitats, especially those with sandy soils containing a little clay. It is less common in pure sand, thus in pine barrens. Mating flights occur in early to mid July. Colonies are monogynous, and the newly mated queens start colonies singly. Minors are ‘shy’ foragers but recruit to good food sources. Majors seldom leave the nest except when recruited. Their primary function is to block nest passages, which they do effectively.” (Wilson 2003)

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Pemphigus populiramulorum (a trophobiont) (Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema occidentalis (a parasite) (Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986; Baker et al., 2019).

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: monogynous (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)

Castes

Worker

Minor

Images from AntWeb

Pheidole pilifera casent0005762 head 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005762 profile 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005762 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005762 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0005762. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.
Pheidole pilifera casent0102867 head 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0102867 profile 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0102867 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0102867. Photographer Jen Fogarty, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Major

MCZ-ENT00028097 Pheidole pilifera subsp artemisia hef.jpgMCZ-ENT00028097 Pheidole pilifera subsp artemisia hal.jpgMCZ-ENT00028097 Pheidole pilifera subsp artemisia had.jpgMCZ-ENT00028097 Pheidole pilifera subsp artemisia lbs.jpgMCZ-ENT00020722 Pheidole pilifera var septenbrionalis hef.jpgMCZ-ENT00020722 Pheidole pilifera var septenbrionalis hal.jpgMCZ-ENT00020722 Pheidole pilifera var septenbrionalis had.jpgMCZ-ENT00020722 Pheidole pilifera var septenbrionalis lbs.jpgMCZ-ENT00020737 Pheidole xerophila subsp pacifica hef.jpgMCZ-ENT00020737 Pheidole xerophila subsp pacifica hal.jpgMCZ-ENT00020737 Pheidole xerophila subsp pacifica had.jpgMCZ-ENT00020737 Pheidole xerophila subsp pacifica lbs.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005761 head 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005761 profile 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005761 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0005761 label 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0102866 head 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0102866 profile 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0102866 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole pilifera casent0102866 label 1.jpg
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Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • pennsylvanica. Pheidole pennsylvanica Roger, 1863a: 199 (s) U.S.A. Mayr, 1886d: 456 (s.w.q.m.). Junior synonym of pilifera: Emery, 1895c: 290.
  • pilifera. Leptothorax pilifer Roger, 1863a: 180 (w.) U.S.A. Emery, 1895c: 290 (s.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953b: 79 (l.). Combination in Pheidole: Emery, 1895c: 290. Senior synonym of pennsylvanica: Emery, 1895c: 290; of septentrionalis and material of the unavailable name simulans referred here: Creighton, 1950a: 186; of artemisia, coloradensis, pacifica: Wilson, 2003: 589.
  • coloradensis. Pheidole pilifera var. coloradensis Emery, 1895c: 290 (s.w.) U.S.A. Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 435 (q.m.). Subspecies of pilifera: Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 435; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, E.W. 1944: 244. Material of the unavailable name neomexicana referred here by Creighton, 1950a: 187. Junior synonym of pilifera: Wilson, 2003: 589.
  • septentrionalis. Pheidole pilifera subsp. septentrionalis Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 437 (s.w.) U.S.A. Junior synonym of pilifera: Creighton, 1950a: 186.
  • pacifica. Pheidole xerophila subsp. pacifica Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 404 (s.w.q.m.) U.S.A. Subspecies of pilifera: Creighton, 1950a: 187. Junior synonym of pilifera: Wilson, 2003: 589.
  • artemisia. Pheidole pilifera subsp. artemisia Cole, 1933: 616 (s.w.) U.S.A. Cole, 1938c: 372 (q.). Junior synonym of pilifera: Wilson, 2003: 589.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

From Wilson (2003): DIAGNOSIS A member of the “pilifera complex” of the larger pilifera group, comprising Pheidole calens, Pheidole californica, Pheidole carrolli, Pheidole cavigenis, Pheidole clementensis, Pheidole creightoni, Pheidole hoplitica, Pheidole littoralis, Pheidole micula, Pheidole pilifera, Pheidole polymorpha, Pheidole rugulosa, Pheidole senex, Pheidole soritis, Pheidole tepicana and Pheidole torosa, which complex is characterized by the following traits. Major: dorsal head surface extensively sculptured; occipital lobe horizontally rugulose (or, in carrolli smooth, in littoralis foveate, and in micula and soritis carinulate); postpetiole from above diamond-shaped, trapezoidal, or spinose. Minor: eye medium-sized to large. P. pilifera is distinguished within its complex by the following combination of traits.

Major: relatively large, HW about 1.6 mm; posterior dorsal profile of head straight or slightly concave; mesonotal convexity prominent and symmetrical in side view; propodeal spines robust, long, and nearly vertical to basal propodeal face; petiolar node in side view tapering apically to a blunt point; postpetiolar node from above very broad relative to petiolar node, and bluntly spinose.

Minor: eyes medium-sized; humerus in dorsal-oblique view subangulate; all of head posterior to the clypeus and mesosoma foveolate and opaque.

Closely related to Pheidole carrolli but very different in sculpturing of the major.

My synonymy of artemisia, coloradensis, and pacifica follows Creighton (1950a) in placing them as geographic variants, or subspecies, and thence here into synonymy at the species level. However, this assignment is not well documented and thus is regarded as provisional. The pattern of geographic variation within pilifera is as follows.

Western populations (“coloradensis”) ranging from North Dakota and Colorado to Nevada display a narrowing of the transverse rugulose band to the rearmost part of the major occiput and loss of the longitudinal carinulae on the vertex (anterior to the occiput), an area that is spotted with coarse foveae and shiny interspaces. The trend is climaxed in Nevada and California (“pacifica”) by replacement of the foveae on the vertex of the major by fine punctures. Southwestward, in Utah and Arizona (“artemisia”), the broad band of occipital rugulae of the major in eastern populations (“typical” pilifera) is retained, but the carinulae of the vertex are lost and replaced by a shiny surface.

MEASUREMENTS (mm) Major (Haddam, Connecticut): HW 1.60, HL 1.72, SL 0.74, EL 0.24, PW 0.68. Minor (Haddam): HW 0.54, HL 0.60, SL 0.52, EL 0.12, PW 0.36.

COLOR Major: light reddish brown.

Minor: medium reddish brown.


Pheidole pilifera Wilson 2003.jpg

Figure. Upper: major. Lower: minor. CONNECTICUT: East Haddam. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Type Material

Berlin Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität - as reported in Wilson (2003)

Etymology

Gr pilifera, hairy. (Wilson 2003)

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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