Polyrhachis equina
Polyrhachis equina | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Formicinae |
Tribe: | Camponotini |
Genus: | Polyrhachis |
Subgenus: | Campomyrma |
Species: | P. equina |
Binomial name | |
Polyrhachis equina Smith, F., 1857 | |
Synonyms | |
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Identification
Polyrhachis equina and Polyrhachis gribodoi are very similar and share numerous characters including almost identical, bilobed anterior clypeal margins, distinctly concave mesonotal and propodeal dorsa, dorso posteriorly extended propodeal spines and similarly shaped petioles. They differ in their relative size (HL <1.80 in P. equina versus HL >1.90 in P. gribodoi) and in several other characters, including the shape of the head and the sculpturation of the mesosomal dorsum. In P. equina, the sides of the head in front of the eyes converge towards the mandibular bases in an almost straight line, while behind the eyes the sides round into a moderately convex occipital margin. In P. gribodoi the sides of the head in front of the eyes are distinctly convex, and behind the eyes the sides round into a virtually flat occipital margin. The mesosomal dosum of P. equina is finely, rather irregularly, reticulate-punctate, with the reticulae on the pronotum somewhat bowed towards its lateral margins. The sculpturation of the mesosomal dorsum in P. gribodoi is distinctly more intense and more regularly, longitudinally striate on pronotum. (Kohout 1988)
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 7.158611111° to 1°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo (type locality), Indonesia, Malaysia.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
Biology
Castes
Images from AntWeb
Worker. Specimen code casent0906322. Photographer Michele Esposito, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by NHMUK, London, UK. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- equina. Polyrhachis equinus Smith, F. 1857a: 63 (w.) BORNEO. Combination in P. (Campomyrma): Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 122. Senior synonym of biloba: Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 122. See also: Kohout, 2007c: 10.
- biloba. Polyrhachis biloba Forel, 1911a: 58 (w.) BORNEO. Junior synonym of equina: Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 122.
The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):
Polyrhachis equinus
Holotype worker in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “SAR. 21” (= Sarawak) and with a Donisthorpe type-label.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Kohout (1988) - Dimensions (holotype cited first): TL c. 6.40, 6.05- 6.65; HL 1.72, 1.56-1.80; HW 1.43, 1.25-1.50; CI 83, 79-83; SL (missing), 2.03-2.18; SI (missing), 159- 164; PW 0.87, 0.75-0.90; MTL 2.09, 2.00-2.25 (12 measured).
References
- Jaitrong, W., Yamane, S., Samung, Y., Noon-anant, N. 2023. The ant subgenus Campomyrma of the genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae) in Thailand and Laos, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5271(2), 294–312 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5271.2.5).
- Smith, F. 1857a. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 2: 42-88 (page 63, worker described)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1919f. The ants of Borneo. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63: 43-147 (page 122, Combination in P. (Campomyrma), and senior synonym of biloba)
- Yamane, S., Tanaka, H.O., Hasimoto, Y., Ohashi, M., Meleng, P., Itioka, T. 2021. A list of ants from Lambir Hills National Park and its vicinity, with their biological information: Part II. Subfamilies Leptanillinae, Proceratiinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Dolichoderinae, Ectatomminae and Formicinae. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 31, 87–157.
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
- Emery C. 1886. Saggio di un catalogo sistematico dei generi Camponotus, Polyrhachis e affini. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna 5: 363-382
- Fayle T. M., D. P. Edwards, E. C. Turner, A. J. Dumbrell, P. Eggleton, and W. A. Foster. 2012. Public goods, public services and by-product mutualism in an antfern symbiosis. Oikos 121(8): 1279-1286.
- Forel A. 1911. Fourmis de Bornéo, Singapore, Ceylan, etc. récoltées par MM. Haviland, Green, Winkler, Will, Hose, Roepke et Waldo. Rev. Suisse Zool. 19: 23-62.
- Kohout R.J. 2007. A review of the subgenus Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) Wheeler from Borneo with descriptions of new species. Asian Myrmecology 1: 7-17.
- Pfeiffer M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58
- Robson Simon Ant Collection, 05-Sept-2014
- Robson Simon Database Polyrhachis -05 Sept 2014
- Smith, F. "Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace." Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 2 (1857): 42-88.
- Wheeler W. M. 1919. The ants of Borneo. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63:43-147.
- Widodo E.S., M. Mohamed, and Y. Hashimoto. 2001. Canopy ant diversity assessment in the fragmented rainforest of Sabah, East Malaysia. Nature and Human activities 6: 13-23.
- Woodcock P., D. P. Edwards, T. M. Fayle, R. J. Newton, C. Vun Khen, S. H. Bottrell, and K. C. Hamer. 2011. The conservation value of South East Asia's highly degraded forests: evidence from leaf-litter ants. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 366: 3256-3264.
- Yamane S.; Nona, A. R. 1994. Ants from Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak. Pp. 222-226 in: Inoue, T.; Hamid, A. A. (eds.) 1994. Plant reproductive systems and animal seasonal dynamics. Long-term study of dipterocarp forests in Sarawak. Kyoto: Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, vii + 255 pp.
- Yusah K. M., T. M. Fayle, G. Harris, and W. A. Foster. 2012. Optimizing diversity assesment protocols for high canopy ants in tropical rain forest. Biotropica 44(1): 73-81.