Stigmatomma pallipes

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Stigmatomma pallipes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Amblyoponinae
Genus: Stigmatomma
Species: S. pallipes
Binomial name
Stigmatomma pallipes
(Haldeman, 1844)

Amblyopone-pallipes-antwiki03.jpg

Amblyopone-pallipes antwiki05.jpg

Synonyms

In California this species has been found in chaparral, riparian woodland, oak woodland and mixed forest (with oak, douglas fir and pine). Isolated workers or nest fragments have been collected in litter samples and under stones. Because of their subterranean habits the workers are infrequently encountered, but males are not uncommon at light in late summer in some foothill localities. Foraging behavior is probably similar to that of S. pallipes workers from eastern United States, which have been reported feeding on centipedes and other soil arthropods. (Ward 1988)

At a Glance • Larval Hemolymph Feeding  • Facultatively polygynous  

Photo Gallery

  • Worker from Canton, Massachusetts. Photo by Tom Murray.
  • Worker.
  • Worker from Canton, Massachusetts. Photo by Tom Murray.
  • Worker.
  • Queen from Groton, Massachusetts. Photo by Tom Murray.
  • Queen from Stow, Massachusetts. Photo by Tom Murray.
  • Queen.
  • Workers and larvae.
  • Worker tending pupae.
  • Habitat in Massachusetts.

Identification

Worker: inner border of mandible and anterior clypeal margin broadly convex in outline; California specimens smaller in size than those of Stigmatomma oregonense (HW 0.99-1.15), with narrower heads (CI 0.86-0.90).

Stigmatomma pallipes in the eastern United States is not a common ant but it can be discovered by turning over stones and searching carefully through rotten wood on the ground. These small, dark reddish-brown ants are about 1/4 inch in length. The eyes are very small, with only one or two facets. There is a row of small teeth on the anterior margin of the clypeus and the mandibles are long and linear with a row of bi-dentate teeth on the inner margin. The petiole is broadly joined to the gaster.

There is only one other eastern species, the rare Stigmatomma trigonignathum, which lacks the sharp projections that flank the outer bases of the mandibles in S. pallipes, and has the two most basal large teeth mounted on an inward expansion of the mandible. In the West, Stigmatomma oregonense, which is similar to S. pallipes, has an overlapping distribution in part of northern California (Ward 1988).

Keys including this Species

Distribution

This species is widely distributed in the United States. It is known from Quebec, west to Wisconsin, south through Florida (Smith 1979) and then west and south, possibly in a series of disjunct populations, into the Coastal Range of California (Ward 1988). It found sporadically in the mountains of Arizona.

In the eastern part of its range the habitat of S. pallipes is usually moist woodland with a heavy canopy, but as Creighton pointed out (1950), the species may be subterranean, and therefore unobserved, in more open habitats. In Florida S. pallipes is usually found in sandy woodlands with thick leaf litter. It is seldom found in wet areas, such as the edges of marshes and swamp forests.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 48.469167° to 24.66666667°.

   
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: Canada, United States (type locality).

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Habitat

The small colonies are most common in wooded areas where they are found in rotten logs and under stones. In New England these ants are often found nesting under rock walls.

Abundance

This ant species is seldom if ever abundant. Due to their small colony size and nest location under rocks and in logs in forests, this ant species is difficult to find.

Biology

The workers are slow moving and not regularly encountered. The pupae are covered with a brown silk case that helps in identification in the field. The queen is worker-like and inconspicuous. The males and females mate during the late summer months. Females mate with males on rocks on the ground in forested areas during the first week of September in New England.

Nests are small, often far fewer than 100 workers, and diffuse. In the eastern United States workers have been found collecting centipedes and other soil arthropods. Prey are captured and held in the worker's heavily toothed mandibles, then paralyzed by a powerful sting. The crytpic foragers are not regularly seen above ground as they prefer to search for food in the same places where this species' forms their nests - in the soil, litter and decaying wood. Stigmatomma pallipes is a forest dweller throughout most of its range. In California this species has been found in chaparral, riparian woodland, oak woodland and mixed forest (oak, Douglas fir and pine) habitats. Isolated workers or nest fragments have been collected in litter samples and under stones.

South Bristol, New York. Image © Alex Wild.

Haskins (1924) provides this account of their nesting biology: ....ordinarily found in thick, damp woodlands, the typical localities in which most timid hypogeaic forms find refuge. Although the majority of these forms seem dependent for their continued existence upon these forests, with their concomitant opportunity of escape from more dominant types, it is certain that pallipes has not become entirely so, nor has it completely lost the ability to exist in proximity with glade or even field forms. In Petersham, Massachusetts, a colony taken under a broad stone in an open clump of young white pine, which was nesting beside two species of open-woods ants (Lasius americanus and Aphaenogaster picea).

More than one individual may assist in subduing prey, but only one transports the prey. Back at the nest, the larvae move onto the prey or are carried to it. The prey is not dismembered. Workers do not regurgitate food for larvae or for each other. The queen supplements her diet by periodically squeezing a larva until a drop of clear liquid is regurgitated. In most ways, queens and workers show few behavioral differences, except that functional queens do not forage. Workers do not change tasks as they mature. The organization of the colony is not completely understood, but circumstantial evidence suggests that groups of 9-16 workers form small colonies with one or more queens, and these colonies in turn fission when the group increases after the emergence of reproductives and workers in late summer: Within an area, the workers from apparently isolated colonies are compatible. Alates leave the nest to mate, but females usually return to the nest after mating. Alate females probably occasionally disperse and found new colonies removed from the parental population.

Regional Notes

New Mexico

This species nests under stones in moist areas. Colonies apparently consist of only a few workers. They prey primarily on chilopods. These secretive ants are rarely collected, but well worth the search (Mackay and Mackay 2002)

Foraging/Diet

The highly modified mandibles appear to be specialized for hunting centipedes. Predators of centipedes and beetle larvae in forest litter. James Trager observed workers and larvae of this species under a stone in Missouri USA, feeding on an Elateridae (beetle) larva, which appeared to have been killed by them (fresh, no external damage evident on the larva, except where the larvae were chewing into the intersegmental membranes).

Flight Period

X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Associations with other Organisms

It is possible that Strumigenys species are most often found under the same stone.

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: facultatively polygynous (Rissing and Pollock, 1988; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
  • Mean colony size: 15 (Traniello, 1978; Beckers et al., 1989)
  • Foraging behaviour: solitary forager (Traniello, 1978; Beckers et al., 1989)

Castes

Peeters & Molet (2010) - Unlike in Amblyopone australis, queens and workers of S. pallipes are similar in body size, and workers show no variation in size.

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Amblyopone pallipes casent0102903 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102903 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102903 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102903 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0102903. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Amblyopone pallipes casent0103551 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0103551 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0103551 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0103551 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103551. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Amblyopone pallipes casent0104569 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0104569 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0104569 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0104569 label 1.jpg
Type of Typhlopone pallipesWorker. Specimen code casent0104569. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.
Amblyopone pallipes casent0172588 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0172588 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0172588 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0172588 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0172588. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by LACM, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Amblyopone pallipes casent0005434 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0005434 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0005434 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0005434 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0005434. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Amblyopone pallipes casent0103553 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0103553 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0103553 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0103553 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0103553. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Amblyopone pallipes casent0102907 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102907 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102907 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102907 profile 2.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0102907. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Amblyopone pallipes casent0102196 head 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102196 profile 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102196 profile 2.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102196 dorsal 1.jpgAmblyopone pallipes casent0102196 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0102196. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.

Common Name

Pale Footed Primitive Ant

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • pallipes. Typhlopone pallipes Haldeman, 1844: 54 (w.) U.S.A. (no state data).
    • Type-material: syntype (?) workers.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: U.S.A.: (no further data; the only information supplied is “found in old stumps in June”).
    • Type-depository: unknown (no type-material known to exist).
    • [Note: Creighton, 1940b: 4, comments that he examined two ‘autotypes’ that had been sent by Haldeman to Harris, which were deposited in the Boston Society of Natural History (now MSBM). While not syntypes, these were probably specimens collected and identified by Haldeman himself.]
    • [Unjustified emendation of spelling to pallidipes: Dalla Torre, 1893: 14; Santschi, 1914a: 429.]
    • Emery, 1895c: 261 (q.m.); Wheeler, W.M. 1900c: 61 (l.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 114 (l.).
    • Combination in Amblyopone: Haldeman, 1849a: 201 (footnote); Cresson, 1887: 259; Brown, 1960a: 169;
    • combination in Stigmatomma (Amblyopone): Wheeler, W.M. 1900c: 56;
    • combination in Stigmatomma: Roger, 1863b: 20; Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 14; Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012a: 19.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 20; Mayr, 1863: 457; Mayr, 1886d: 439; Cresson, 1887: 259; Dalla Torre, 1893: 14; Emery, 1895c: 261; Wheeler, W.M. 1900c: 56; Wheeler, W.M. 1904e: 299; Wheeler, W.M. 1905f: 374; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 1; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 399; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 561; Emery, 1911d: 24; Wheeler, W.M. 1913c: 112; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 460; Smith, M.R. 1928b: 243; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 2; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 2; Dennis, 1938: 275; Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G. 1940: 90; Creighton, 1940b: 3 (redescription); Brown, 1949c: 84; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Cole, 1953c: 84; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 110; Whelden, 1958: 1; Brown, 1960a: 169, 183, 192 (in key); Carter, 1962a: 6 (in list); Francoeur & Béique, 1966: 141; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Hunt & Snelling, 1975: 20; Francoeur, 1977b: 206; Francoeur, 1979: 34 (redescription); Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Traniello, 1982: 65; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 17; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 135; Ward, 1988: 105; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 92; Lattke, 1991c: 6 (in key); Wheeler, G.C., et al. 1994: 302; Bolton, 1995b: 62; Lacau & Delabie, 2002: 40 (in key); Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 31; Deyrup, 2003: 44; Coovert, 2005: 23; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 67; Ward, 2005: 25; Ellison, et al. 2012: 89; Deyrup, 2017: 13.
    • Senior synonym of arizonense: Creighton, 1940b: 3; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
    • Senior synonym of binodosus: Emery, 1895c: 261; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 400; Emery, 1911d: 24; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 159; Creighton, 1940b: 3; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Francoeur & Béique, 1966: 141; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
    • Senior synonym of montigena: Brown, 1949c: 84; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
    • Senior synonym of serratum: Mayr, 1886d: 439; Emery, 1895c: 261; Emery, 1911d: 24; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
    • Senior synonym of subterranea: Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
    • Senior synonym of wheeleri: Creighton, 1940b: 3; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
    • Distribution: Canada, U.S.A.
  • arizonense. Stigmatomma pallipes subsp. arizonense Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 389 (w.) U.S.A. (Arizona).
    • Type-material: holotype worker.
    • Type-locality: U.S.A.: Arizona, Huachuca Mts, Ramsay Cañon, 5800 ft (W.M. Mann).
    • Type-depository: MCZC.
    • Subspecies of pallipes: Cole, 1937a: 98.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Creighton, 1940b: 3; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • binodosus. Arotropus binodosus Provancher, 1881a: 206, figs. 32, 33 (q.) CANADA (no state data, probably Québec).
    • Type-material: holotype male.
    • [Note: the holotype was misprinted with a queen symbol in the original description, but was actually a male (Provancher, 1887: 240, 241). Lectotype designation of a worker by Gahan & Rohwer, 1917: 306, is set aside as no worker was represented in the original description. Lectotype male designation by Francoeur & Béique, 1966: 141, appears unnecessary as Provancher described only a single specimen, automatically the holotype.]
    • Type-locality: Canada (no further data) (L. Provancher).
    • [Note: type-locality was probably Québec, Cap Rouge (Provancher, 1887: 241).]
    • Type-depository: QMNH.
    • [Misspelled as binodus by Creighton, 1940b: 3.]
    • Provancher, 1887: 240 (w.).
    • Combination in Amblyopone: Provancher, 1887: 240;
    • combination in Stigmatomma: Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 14.
    • Status as species: Provancher, 1887: 240; Cresson, 1887: 258; Dalla Torre, 1893: 14.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Emery, 1895c: 261; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 400; Emery, 1911d: 24; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 159; Creighton, 1940b: 3; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Francoeur & Béique, 1966: 141; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • montigena. Stigmatomma pallipes subsp. montigena Creighton, 1940b: 7, figs. 6, 8 (w.q.) U.S.A. (North Carolina).
    • Type-material: holotype ergatoid queen, paratype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: holotype U.S.A.: North Carolina, Little Switzerland, nr Spruce Pines (W.S. Creighton); paratypes with same data.
    • Type-depositories: AMNH (holotype); AMNH, LACM, MCZC (paratypes).
    • Subspecies of pallipes: Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 782.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Brown, 1949c: 84; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
  • serratum. Stigmatomma serratum Roger, 1859: 251 (w.) U.S.A. (Maryland).
    • Type-material: holotype worker.
    • Type-locality: U.S.A.: Maryland, Baltimore (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: MNHU.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1861a: 53; Roger, 1863b: 20; Mayr, 1863: 454.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Mayr, 1886d: 439; Emery, 1895c: 261; Emery, 1911d: 24; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 63.
  • subterranea. Stigmatomma pallipes subsp. subterranea Creighton, 1940b: 8, fig. 4 (w.) U.S.A. (Kansas).
    • Type-material: holotype worker, 14 paratype workers.
    • Type-locality: holotype U.S.A.: Kansas, Elmo, 6.ix.1927 (W.S. Creighton); paratypes with same data.
    • Type-depositories: AMNH (holotype); AMNH, LACM, MCZC (paratypes).
    • Status as species: Brown, 1949c: 85.
    • Subspecies of pallipes: Buren, 1944a: 279; Creighton, 1950a: 34; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 110.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, M.R. 1967: 346; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 63.
  • wheeleri. Stigmatomma pallidipes [sic] var. wheeleri Santschi, 1914a: 429 (w.q.m.) U.S.A. (Connecticut).
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: U.S.A.: Connecticut, Colebrook (W.M. Wheeler).
    • Type-depository: MCZC, NHMB.
    • Subspecies of pallipes: Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 581.
    • Junior synonym of pallipes: Creighton, 1940b: 3; Creighton, 1950a: 33; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 783; Brown, 1960a: 169; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1335; Bolton, 1995b: 63.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Minutely punctured, dull reddish-brown, terminal segments of the abdomen, antennae, and mandibles, paler; legs testaceous. 6 mill. long. Head subquadrate, narrowing posteriorly; mandibles widest in the middle, direct, with the tip incurved, inner margin coarsely serrate-dentate: pronotum inflated, with an impressed mesial line : abdomen divided into three principal segments, of which the first is subglobular, the second considerably larger, conical, largest posteriorly, terminal segment of equal diameter with the preceding, but twice as long, with a dark indistinct transverse band about the middle: provided with a sting.

Queen

Emery (1895) - Das ♀ ist nicht grosser als die ♀♀, ja sogar kleiner als mein grösster ♀ sonst, abgesehen von den grösseren Augen sowie der Anwesenheit der Punktaugen und der Flügel, vom ♀ nicht verschieden

Male

Emery (1895) - Das ♂ ist dem von Forel beschriebenen S. gheorgieffi sehr ähnlich und nur in folgenden Punkten von der Beschreibung abweichend: der Clypeus hat eine grössere Zahl sehr kleiner Zähne; die Fühler sind weniger schlank, nur das 2. Geisselglied ist mehr als doppelt so lang wie dick, die übrigen weniger als zweimal so lang wie dick; das Mesonotum ist durchaus matt, die Seiten des Thorax wenig glänzend, das Scutellum glänzend, die seitlich gerandete, flache, abschüssige Fläche des Metanotums kaum glänzend. Das Stielchen des Abdomens ziemlich grob runzlig punktirt, daher minder glänzend als diefolgenden Segmente. Pechschwarz. Mundtheile, Fühler, Beine und Genitalien gelbbraun, die Schenkel etwas dunkler.

Etymology

Pale-footed

Worker Morphology

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • Caste: monomorphic

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Annotated Ant Species List Ordway-Swisher Biological Station. Downloaded at http://ordway-swisher.ufl.edu/species/os-hymenoptera.htm on 5th Oct 2010.
  • Banschbach V. S., and E. Ogilvy. 2014. Long-term Impacts of Controlled Burns on the Ant Community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of a Sandplain Forest in Vermont. Northeastern Naturalist 21(1): 1-12.
  • Belcher A. K., M. R. Berenbaum, and A. V. Suarez. 2016. Urbana House Ants 2.0.: revisiting M. R. Smith's 1926 survey of house-infesting ants in central Illinois after 87 years. American Entomologist 62(3): 182-193.
  • Brown W. L., Jr. 1949. A new American Amblyopone, with notes on the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge). 56: 81-88.
  • Brown W. L., Jr. 1960. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 122: 143-230.
  • Canadensys Database. Dowloaded on 5th February 2014 at http://www.canadensys.net/
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  • Choate B., and F. A. Drummond. 2012. Ant Diversity and Distribution (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Throughout Maine Lowbush Blueberry Fields in Hancock and Washington Counties. Environ. Entomol. 41(2): 222-232.
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  • Cokendolpher J. C., and O. F. Francke. 1990. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of western Texas. Part II. Subfamilies Ecitoninae, Ponerinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dolichoderinae, and Formicinae. Special Publications, the Museum. Texas Tech University 30:1-76.
  • Cole A. C., Jr. 1949. The ants of Mountain Lake, Virginia. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 24: 155-156.
  • Coovert G. A. 2005. The Ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ohio Biological Survey, Inc. 15(2): 1-207.
  • Coovert, G.A. 2005. The Ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin New Series Volume 15(2):1-196
  • Cover S. P., and R. A. Johnson. 20011. Checklist of Arizona Ants. Downloaded on January 7th at http://www.asu.edu/clas/sirgtools/AZants-2011%20updatev2.pdf
  • Creighton W. S. 1940. A revision of the forms of Stigmatomma pallipes. American Museum Novitates 1079: 1-8.
  • Dash S. T. and L. M. Hooper-Bui. 2008. Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity. 101: 1056-1066
  • Davis W. T., and J. Bequaert. 1922. An annoted list of the ants of Staten Island and Long Island, N. Y. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 17(1): 1-25.
  • Del Toro I., K. Towle, D. N. Morrison, and S. L. Pelini. 2013. Community Structure, Ecological and Behavioral Traits of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Massachusetts Open and Forested Habitats. Northeastern Naturalist 20: 1-12.
  • Del Toro, I. 2010. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION. MUSEUM RECORDS COLLATED BY ISRAEL DEL TORO
  • Deyrup, M. and J. Trager. 1986. Ants of the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist 69(1):206-228
  • Drummond F. A., A. M. llison, E. Groden, and G. D. Ouellette. 2012. The ants (Formicidae). In Biodiversity of the Schoodic Peninsula: Results of the Insect and Arachnid Bioblitzes at the Schoodic District of Acadia National Park, Maine. Maine Agricultural and forest experiment station, The University of Maine, Technical Bulletin 206. 217 pages
  • DuBois M. B. 1981. New records of ants in Kansas, III. State Biological Survey of Kansas. Technical Publications 10: 32-44
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-187
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-188
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-189
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-190
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-191
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