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Strongylognathus
| Strongylognathus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Strongylognathus testaceus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
| Genus: | Strongylognathus Mayr, 1853 |
| Type species | |
| Eciton testaceum, now Strongylognathus testaceus | |
| Diversity | |
| 27 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country)
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The ant genus Strongylognatus comprises obligatory social parasites, and include species which are dulotic, degeneratively dulotic as well as are queen-tolerant inquilines. All live in nests of various Tetramorium species. The parasite queen does not kill the host queen, but it pheromonally inhibits production of its sexual brood. The share of parasite workers in mixed colonies seldom exceeds 2%; under natural conditions, they only sporadically raid colonies of the host species to obtain more slaves. (Radchenko & Duibovikoff, 2011)
Ward et al. (2014) found that Strongylognathus is a synonym of Tetramorium, and note that it has nomenclatural priority over Tetramorium (meaning that all species of Tetramorium should be transferred to Strongylognathus). Transfer of the hundreds of valid Tetramorium species names to Strongylognathus, with consequent changes in spelling to many of them (because the gender of Tetramorium is neuter while Strongylognathus is masculine), would create considerable confusion. In this instance a ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature would be required to validate a reversal of precedence (ICZN Article 23.9.3). In the interim they maintained current usage as two separate genera and refrained from synonymizing them.
Identification
Radchenko and Duibovikoff (2011) - Morphologically Strongylognathus well differs from any known Palaearctic Myrmicinae genera by its highly specialized, long and narrow mandibles with not defined masticatory margin. Bolton (1976) proposed to divide this genus into two species-groups: testaceus- and huberi-group. The species of the first group are characterized by the strongly concave occipital margin and by prominent posterio-lateral corners of the head. In contrary, the species of the huberi-group have straight or at most very shallowly concave occipital margin and rounded, not prominent posterio-lateral corners of the head.
Keys to Species in this Genus
Distribution
Radchenko and Duibovikoff (2011) - Strongylognathus species are distributed only in the Palaearctic Region, from Iberian Peninsula to Tien-Shan Mts. in the west, and also in eastern China, Korea and Japan. Nevertheless, at least three more new undescribed species are known from Iran (Paknia et al. 2008), Pakistan (Andres Schulz, pers. comm.) and Armenia (unpublished personal data).
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
| Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 |
| Total Species | 2839 | 1735 | 3036 | 932 | 834 | 4378 | 1708 | 2836 |
Biology
Association with Other Organisms
All Associate Records for Genus
| Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongylognathus afer | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
| Strongylognathus alpinus | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium alpestre | host | Kutter, 1920; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018 | host as ''Tetramorium caespitum'' in early literature | |
| Strongylognathus alpinus | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | Kutter, 1920; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al. 2017 | ||
| Strongylognathus caeciliae | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Spain | García & Espadaler, 2010; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |
| Strongylognathus christophi | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | sometimes as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''caespitum'' | |
| Strongylognathus christophi | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''impurum'' | |
| Strongylognathus dao | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium tsushimae | host | China | Radchenko et al., 2017 | uncommon |
| Strongylognathus destefanii | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Menozzi, 1921; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | sometimes as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''impurum'' | |
| Strongylognathus destefanii | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium semilaeve | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Menozzi, 1921; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | sometimes as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''semilaeve'' | |
| Strongylognathus huberi | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | Baroni Urbani, 1962; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021 | ||
| Strongylognathus huberi | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | Baroni Urbani, 1962; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021 | ||
| Strongylognathus huberi | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium semilaeve | host | Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021 | ||
| Strongylognathus italicus | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018 | ||
| Strongylognathus italicus | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus karawajewi | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | sometimes as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''caespitum'' | |
| Strongylognathus karawajewi | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium ferox | host | Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus karawajewi | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''impurum'' | |
| Strongylognathus karawajewi | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium inerme | host | Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus karawajewi | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium moravicum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus karawajewi | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium sulcinode | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus koreanus | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium tsushimae | host | Japan | Collingwood, 1976 | |
| Strongylognathus kratochvili | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | degenerate dulosis? tolerant of host queen? | |
| Strongylognathus kratochvili | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium moravicum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | degenerate dulosis? tolerant of host queen? | |
| Strongylognathus minutus | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
| Strongylognathus pisarskii | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
| Strongylognathus potanini | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
| Strongylognathus silvestrii | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium lucidulum | host | Buschinger & Douwes, 1993; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus silvestrii | slave maker | ant | Tetramorium semilaeve | host | Buschinger & Douwes, 1993; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000 | ||
| Strongylognathus testaceus | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium alpestre | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018 | ||
| Strongylognathus testaceus | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium brevicorne | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 1996; Seifert, 2018 | ||
| Strongylognathus testaceus | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 1996; Seifert, 2018 | ||
| Strongylognathus testaceus | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium ferox | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018 | sometimes as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''ferox'' | |
| Strongylognathus testaceus | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al. 2017 | ||
| Strongylognathus testaceus | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium moravicum | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 1996; Seifert, 2018 | sometimes as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''moravicum'' | |
| Strongylognathus tylonus | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host |
Flight Period
All Flight Records for Genus
Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
| Taxon | Month | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strongylognathus alpinus | Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct | Seifert, 2018 | |
| Strongylognathus bulgaricus | Jul • Aug • Sep | Seifert, 2018 | |
| Strongylognathus huberi | Jul • Aug • Sep | Seifert, 2018 | |
| Strongylognathus italicus | Aug • Sep | Seifert, 2018 | |
| Strongylognathus kratochvili | Jul • Aug • Sep | Seifert, 2018 | |
| Strongylognathus testaceus | Jun • Jul • Aug | Seifert, 2018; antkeeping.info |
Life History Traits
- Mean colony size: ? (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: dulosis (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: hypogaeic; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: predator (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Morphology
Worker Morphology
- Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
• Antennal segment count: 12 • Antennal club: 3 • Palp formula: 4,3 • Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple • Eyes: 0-1 ommatidia • Scrobes: absent • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: dentiform • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent
Karyotype
All Karyotype Records for Genus
- Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
| Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongylognathus huberi | 14 | 28 | Switzerland | Hauschteck, 1962 |
Phylogeny
| Myrmicinae |
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See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- STRONGYLOGNATHUS [Myrmicinae: Tetramoriini]
- Strongylognathus Mayr, 1853d: 389. Type-species: Eciton testaceum, by monotypy. Replacement name for Myrmus Schenck, 1853: 188. [Junior homonym of Myrmus Hahn, 1832: 81 (Hemiptera).]
- MYRMUS [junior homonym, see Strongylognathus]
- Myrmus Schenck, 1853: 188. Type-species: Myrmus emarginatus (junior synonym of Eciton testaceum), by monotypy. [Junior homonym of Myrmus Hahn, 1832: 81 (Hemiptera).]
- Strongylognathus Mayr, 1853d: 389, replacement name for Myrmus Schenck.
Radchenko and Duibovikoff (2011) - The taxonomy of Strongylognathus is comparatively well studied, while there are still several unresolved particular problems on this subject (Pisarski 1966, Baroni Urbani 1969, Radchenko 1985, 1991, Sanetra et al. 1999; see also Bolton 1995, Bolton et al. 2006).
References
- Acosta Salmerón, F. J.; Martínez, M. D. 1982. Consideraciones sobre la dulosis en el género Strongylognathus Mayr, 1853. (Hym. Formicidae). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomologia 6:121-124. [1982-12]
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Baroni Urbani, C. 1969b. Gli Strongylognathus del gruppo huberi nell'Europa occidentale: saggio di una revisione basata sulla casta operaia (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 99- 101: 132-168 (page 132, Revision of huberi-group)
- Blaimer, B.B., Ward, P.S., Schultz, T.R., Fisher, B.L., Brady, S.G. 2018. Paleotropical diversification dominates the evolution of the hyperdiverse ant tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 2(5): 3; 1-14 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixy013).
- Bolton, B. 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 34: 281-379 (page 304, Review of genus)
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 225, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
- Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 129, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae )
- D'Ettorre, P., Heinze, J. 2001. Sociobiology of slave-making ants. Acta ethologica 3, 67–82 (doi:10.1007/s102110100038).
- Emery, C. 1877b. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mirmicidei, e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 9: 67-83 (page 81, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicidae, Myrmicidae)
- Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 770, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 42, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 285, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 5: 441-481 (page 457, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 245, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Mayr, G. 1853e. Ueber die Abtheilung der Myrmiciden, und eine neue Gattung derselben. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ver. Wien 3: 387-394 (page 389, Stronglyognathus replacement name for Myrmus Schenck, 1853. Myrmus Hahn, 1832 (Hemiptera), senior homonym of Myrmus Schenck, 1853)
- Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ver. Wien 5: 273-478 (page 430, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 21, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Rabeling, C. 2020. Social Parasitism. In: Starr, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Social Insects. Springer, Cham. (doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_175-1).
- Radchenko, A. & Dubovikoff, D. 2011. First record of the ant genus Strongylognathus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Afghanistan, with description of a new species. Annales Zoologici. 61(4):807-810. (http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000345411X622615).
- Radchenko, A. G. 1991b. Ants of the genus Strongylognathus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the USSR fauna. Zool. Zh. 70(1 10: 84-90 (page 89, Key to fauna of former U.S.S.R.)
- Sanetra, M.; Güsten,, R. 2001. The socially parasitic ant genus Strongylognathus Mayr in North Africa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 20: 1-20.
- Schenck, C. F. 1853b. Die nassauischen Ameisen-Species. (Fortsetzung.). Stett. Entomol. Ztg. 14: 185-198 (page 188, Myrmus Schenck, 1853 junior homonym of Myrmus Hahn, 1832 (Hemiptera))
- Smith, F. 1858b. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. (page 134, Stronglyognathus in Poneridae, Myrmicidae)
- Stukalyuk, S., Radchenko, Y., Gonchar, O., Akhmedov, A., Stelia, V., Reshetov, A., Shymanskyi, A. 2021. Mixed colonies of Lasius umbratus and Lasius fuliginosus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): when superparasitism may potentially develop into coexistence: a case study in Ukraine and Moldova. Halteres 12, 25–48 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.5753121).
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 141, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 664, Stronglyognathus in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)