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Rachid Hamidi, Jean-Christophe de Biseau, Thomas Bourguignon, Glauco Bezerra Martins Segundo, Matheus Torres Marinho Bezerril Fontenelle, Yves Quinet
Dispersal strategies in the highly polygynous ant Crematogaster (Orthocrema) pygmaea Forel (Formicidae: Myrmicinae)
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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295.3701 589.3228 m
304.8945 589.3228 l
h
f*
319.578 550.3181 m
348.1512 550.3181 l
h
f*
453.2598 524.2961 m
481.7197 524.2961 l
h
f*
527.9244 472.3087 m
556.4976 472.3087 l
h
f*
561.6567 254.4378 m
566.4189 254.4378 l
h
f*
200.0126 241.4551 m
204.7748 241.4551 l
204.7748 241.3984 l
200.0126 241.3984 l
f*
209.1969 241.4551 m
218.7213 241.4551 l
218.7213 241.3984 l
209.1969 241.3984 l
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(relatively)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(stable)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(year-round,)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2018 0 Td
(annual)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(26C.)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
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3.3052 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(\(less)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(750)Tj
-35.926 -1.3039 Td
(mm/year\),)Tj
4.439 0 Td
(mostly)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(occurring)Tj
4.1273 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(consecutive)Tj
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(months)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(\(generally)Tj
4.1725 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(February)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.0359 -1.2982 Td
(April\))Tj
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(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(southern)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(hemisphere)Tj
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(summer)Tj
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(\(November)Tj
4.8019 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(June\).)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
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(and)Tj
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(gyne)Tj
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(mostly)Tj
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(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(the)Tj
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(end)Tj
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(of)Tj
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1.4683 0 Td
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(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(beginning)Tj
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(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(rainy)Tj
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(season)Tj
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(respectively)Tj
4.8812 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-3.685 -1.3039 Td
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2.1996 0 Td
(large)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.16 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0658 0 Td
[()12()-3()-8()6()6()7()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.6851 0 Td
(polydomous)Tj
5.193 0 Td
(colonies,)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(located)Tj
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(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(littoral)Tj
2.8913 0 Td
(zone)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(state)Tj
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(of)Tj
-35.4838 -1.2982 Td
(Ceara)Tj
0 Tc
1.9105 0.051 Td
()Tj
-0.004 Tc
0.6349 -0.051 Td
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5.675 0 Td
(Brazil\),)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(study,)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(mainly)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
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1.0262 0 Td
(collect)Tj
2.7892 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(workers)Tj
3.4355 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.4668 -1.2983 Td
(female)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(sexuals)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(experiments)Tj
5.1363 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(hereafter.)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
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1.3946 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(found)Tj
-34.5767 -1.3039 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(anthropogenic)Tj
6.0548 0 Td
(\(urban\))Tj
3.2768 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(open)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(sparse)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(herbaceous)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(vegetation,)Tj
4.5581 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(common)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(hab-)Tj
-35.773 -1.2983 Td
(itat)Tj
1.5136 0 Td
(type)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0659 0 Td
[()12()-3()-8()6()6()7()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.685 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-7.9993 -1.2983 Td
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2.5795 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(\(Col-1,)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(Col-2,)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(Col-3\))Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(located)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(campus)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(State)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(University)Tj
4.3994 0 Td
(of)Tj
-0.014 Tc
-36.0848 -1.3039 Td
(Ceara)Tj
0 Tc
1.8708 0.0567 Td
()Tj
-0.014 Tc
0.6236 -0.0567 Td
(\(UECE\))Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(\(347')Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(S)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(3833')Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(W\),)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Fortaleza.)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(distance)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.4582 0 Td
(each)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(pair)Tj
1.7689 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(ran-)Tj
-35.8183 -1.2982 Td
(ged)Tj
1.6043 0 Td
(from)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.1657 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7824 0 Td
(300)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(m)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(to)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.0035 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7767 0 Td
(800)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(m)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2303 0 Td
(Three)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(\(Col-4,)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(Col-5,)Tj
2.6305 0 Td
(Col-6\))Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0807 0 Td
(also)Tj
-34.2423 -1.2983 Td
(located)Tj
3.0103 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(municipality)Tj
5.1704 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(Fortaleza,)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(350)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(m)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(\(Col-4\))Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0772 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.686 0 Td
(km)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(\(Col-5,)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(Col-6\))Tj
2.7382 0 Td
(away)Tj
2.1884 0 Td
(from)Tj
-34.8092 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4286 0 Td
(UECE)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(campus)Tj
3.2315 0 Td
(\(distance)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(Col-5)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(Col-6:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.6192 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7653 0 Td
(800)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(m\))Tj
1.3493 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2189 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(last)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
-34.3783 -1.2983 Td
(\(Col-7,)Tj
2.9593 0 Td
(Col-8,)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(Col-9\))Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(located)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(municipalities)Tj
5.7486 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(Caucaia)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(\(340')Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(S)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(3845')Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(W\))Tj
1.508 0 Td
(\(Col-7\),)Tj
-33.8567 -1.2982 Td
(Paraipaba)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(\(320')Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(S)Tj
1.1906 0 Td
(3908')Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(W\))Tj
1.508 0 Td
(\(Col-8\),)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(S)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(o)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(Gonc)Tj
0 Tc
1.7631 0 Td
()Tj
-0.014 Tc
(alo)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(do)Tj
1.2359 0 Td
(Amarante)Tj
4.1556 0 Td
(\(336')Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(S)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(3857')Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(W\))Tj
1.5024 0 Td
(\(Col-9\),)Tj
-33.7037 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(distant)Tj
2.8857 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(26)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(km)Tj
1.5194 0 Td
(\(Col-7\),)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(80)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(km)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(\(Col-8\))Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(km)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(\(Col-9\))Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.1656 0 Td
(Fortaleza,)Tj
3.9969 0 Td
(respec-)Tj
-34.2593 -1.3039 Td
(tively)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(\(the)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(distance)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.4583 0 Td
(each)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(pair)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(ranged)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(from)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.1656 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7767 0 Td
(25)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(km)Tj
1.5194 0 Td
(to)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.0034 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7824 0 Td
(55)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(km\))Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.727 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
-0.004 Tc
-33.9872 -1.2983 Td
(No)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(permissions)Tj
5.0287 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(required)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(collect)Tj
2.7892 0 Td
(ants)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(make)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(observations)Tj
5.2611 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.9147 -1.2983 Td
(study)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(sites)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(above)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(\(all)Tj
1.4854 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(public)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(areas\).)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(involve)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(endangered)Tj
-31.9349 -1.3039 Td
(or)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
(protected)Tj
4.0138 0 Td
(species.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 407.4519 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Laboratory)Tj
4.9417 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 390.444 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(laboratory)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(colonies)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(experiments)Tj
5.1363 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(hereafter)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(kept)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(plastic)Tj
-33.3692 -1.2982 Td
(containers)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(\(17)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.6859 0 Td
(11)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(5)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(high,)Tj
2.2281 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.686 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(7)Tj
0.6917 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(high,)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(depending)Tj
4.4731 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.7389 -1.2983 Td
(size)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(colony\))Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(inner)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(sides)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(coated)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(Fluon)Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
3.5773 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(prevent)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(ants)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(escaping.)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(Glass)Tj
-34.5937 -1.3039 Td
(test)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(tubes)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(\(8)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(length,)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(diameter\))Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4322 0 Td
(reservoir)Tj
3.77 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(bot-)Tj
-35.1097 -1.2983 Td
(tom)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(tubes,)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(surrounded)Tj
4.9096 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(red)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(plastic)Tj
2.7666 0 Td
(film,)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(served)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(nesting)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(sites)Tj
1.9333 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(colonies.)Tj
-33.4599 -1.2982 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(ants)Tj
1.8652 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(fed)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.457 0 Td
[()6()]TJ
1.2019 0 Td
[()12()14()11()14()7()12()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.0727 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(sucrose)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(solution)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(dead)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.1316 0 Td
[()97()2()6()20()11()-9()4()]TJ
3.6907 0 Td
[()6()10()12()14()11()11()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.0898 0 Td
(larvae.)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(colo-)Tj
-34.6845 -1.3039 Td
(nies)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(kept)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(environmentally)Tj
6.8145 0 Td
(controlled)Tj
4.3143 0 Td
(room,)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(constant)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.1307 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(30)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1679 0 Td
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