Iridomyrmex bicknelli

Iridomyrmex bicknelli
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Dolichoderinae
Tribe:	Leptomyrmecini
Genus:	Iridomyrmex
Species:	I. bicknelli
Binomial name
Iridomyrmex bicknelli Emery, 1898
Synonyms
Formica gracilis Lowne, 1865 Iridomyrmex bicknelli splendidus Forel, 1902

Iridomyrmex bicknelli is one of the commonest Australian Iridomyrmex, workers being a familiar component of what is left of the natural environment in all manner of urban areas as well as a wide range of native habitats. Nests can be found in virtually any location, even the seemingly barren footpaths of large cities. It is of a timid disposition, and is one member of the genus that certainly does not deserve Andersen’s (2002) general descriptor for Iridomyrmex spp. of ‘tyrant ants’. The species appears to be most active in warmer temperatures, and this is one ant that seems to thrive in the highly insolated sandy coastal wastes adjacent to beaches.

Photo Gallery

• 

  An Iridomyrmex bicknelli worker from the white sands of Wandoo National Park, Flynn, Western Australia. Photo by Farhan Bokhari, 4 June 2011.
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  The specialist ant predator Lioponera singularis raiding an Iridomyrmex bicknelli nest. Iridomyrmex brood is being captured and returned to the Lioponera nest. Scotia Sanctuary, New South Wales, Australia. Photos by Ajay Narendra.

Identification

Workers can be distinguished from similar, greyish-black ants by the lack of erect setae on the antennal scapes and tibiae, their elongate and rather narrow head capsule that normally has a more-or-less convex posterior margin of the head, the short, bristly setae on the mesosomal and gastral dorsum and their bluish or greenish-yellow iridescence.

This species shows a degree of variability in the phenotype that suggests disconcerting genetic distance among populations; ants in the southwest of Western Australia often possessing a more planar posterior margin of head when seen in full-face view than ants from other parts of Australia. In the latter case, the posterior margin of the head is usually distinctly convex. Ants from the eastern Australian states also tend to be larger on average. However, no clear-cut distinction can be made when phenotypes from all populations are compared. Preliminary molecular data (S. Cameron et al. unpublished) indicate that several populations within I. bicknelli as currently construed display deep genetic divergences, and when appropriately coupled with phenotypic variation may warrant species status. Pending completion of that work, I. bicknelli is tentatively maintained here as a single species.

Keys including this Species

• Key to Iridomyrmex of the southwestern Australian Botanical Province
• Key to Iridomyrmex species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: -12.78333333° to -42.9°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Australasian Region: Australia (type locality).
Indo-Australian Region: New Guinea.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Biology

Flight Period

			X
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

 Notes: Yass, New South Wales.

• Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.

 Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Castes

Worker

Syntype of Iridomyrmex gracilis. Worker. .	Owned by Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

Syntype of Iridomyrmex bicknelli formosae. Worker. .	Owned by Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

Syntype of Iridomyrmex bicknelli spendida. Worker. .	Owned by Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

Queen

Syntype of Iridomyrmex bicknelli splendida. Queen. .	Owned by Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

Syntype of Iridomyrmex bicknelli formosae. Queen. .	Owned by Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• bicknelli. Iridomyrmex bicknelli Emery, 1898b: 236, figs. 6, 7 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Synonym of gracilis Lowne (junior homonym) and hence first available replacement name, splendidus: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 49.
• gracilis. Formica gracilis Lowne, 1865a: 280 (w.) AUSTRALIA. [Junior primary homonym of Formica gracilis Fabricius, 1804: 405 (now in Pseudomyrmex).] Mayr, 1876: 82 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1966: 729; Crozier, 1969: 248 (k.). Combination in Hypoclinea: Mayr, 1870b: 955; in Iridomyrmex: Dalla Torre, 1893: 169. Synonym of bicknelli, first available replacement name: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 49.
• splendidus. Iridomyrmex bicknelli var. splendidus Forel, 1902h: 468 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Forel, 1907h: 290 (q.). Junior synonym of bicknelli: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 49.

Type Material

• Iridomyrmex bicknelli: Holotype, worker, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.
• Iridomyrmex bicknelli: Holotype, unspecified, Kimberley distr., Western Australia, Australia.
• Iridomyrmex bicknelli: Syntype, worker(s), Tasmania, Australia, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa.
• Formica gracilis: Syntype, 4 workers (without locality data), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, The Natural History Museum.
• Iridomyrmex bicknelli splendidus: Holotype, worker, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève; (2 queens from Yarloop, Western Australia and labelled as types are present in Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève, but these specimens are not mentioned in the original description and are unlikely to be true types).

Because of its ubiquity, I. bicknelli has attracted taxonomic attention from several early researchers. Although it was originally described by Lowne in 1865 (Lowne, 1 865a), his name, (then) Formica gracilis, is preoccupied and thus cannot be used as a valid name. Iridomyrmex bicknelli as the next earliest name is here confirmed (ICZN, article 23.3.5). The subspecies I. bicknelli splendidus has no unique characters and here becomes a junior synonym of I. bicknelli.

Description

Worker Description. Head. Posterior margin of head strongly convex, or weakly convex; erect setae on posterior margin in full-face view set in a row; sides of head convergent anteriad; erect genal setae present on sides of head in full-face view. Ocelli absent; in full-face view, eyes set above midpoint of head capsule, or set at about midpoint of head capsule; in profile, eye set anteriad of head capsule; eye semi-circular, or asymmetrical, curvature of inner eye margin more pronounced than that of its outer margin. Frontal carinae straight, or convex; antennal scape surpassing posterior margin of head by 0.2–0.5 x its length. Erect setae on scape absent, except at tip; prominence on anteromedial clypeal margin projecting as triangular spur; mandible elongate triangular with oblique basal margin; long, curved setae on venter of head capsule absent. Mesosoma. pronotum weakly undulant or almost straight. Erect pronotal setae moderate in number to numerous (6 or more), short and bristly. Mesonotum sinuous, or straight. Erect mesonotal setae moderate in number (6-12), short and bristly. Mesothoracic spiracles always inconspicuous; propodeal dorsum smoothly and evenly convex, or straight and long (half as long again as length of propodeal declivity); placement of propodeal spiracle mesad, more than its diameter away from propodeal declivity; propodeal angle weakly present or absent, the confluence of the dorsal and declivitous propodeal faces indicated, if at all, by an undulation. Erect propodeal setae moderate in number (6–12), short and bristly. Petiole. Dorsum of node convex, or planar; node thin, scale-like, orientation more-or-less vertical, or thin, scale-like, orientated anteriad, or thick, orientated anteriad. Gaster. Non-marginal erect setae of gaster present on first gastral tergite; marginal erect setae of gaster present on first tergite, or absent on first tergite. General characters. Allometric differences between workers of same nest absent. Colour uniformly brown to black, commonly with greenish-yellow to bluish iridescence. Colour of erect setae pale brown.

Measurements. Worker (n = 10)—CI 74–78; EI 28–34; EL 0.23–0.26; EW 0.14–0.21; HFL 1.23–1.68; HL 0.87–1.15; HW 0.68–0.88; ML 1.36–1.58; MTL 0.89–1.23; PpH 0.12–0.17; PpL 0.49–0.59; SI 127–144; SL 0.87– 1.18.

Karyotype

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

 Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• n = 9, 2n = 18 (Australia) (Crozier, 1968a) (as Iridomyrmex gracilis).

References

• Emery, C. 1898b. Descrizioni di formiche nuove malesi e australiane. Note sinonimiche. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna (n.s.) 2: 231-245 (page 236, figs. 6, 7 worker described)
• Heterick, B.E. & Shattuck, S.O. 2011. Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2845: 1-175.
• Heterick, B.E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 86, 1-245 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245).
• Heterick, B.E. 2022. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part II: Distribution and biology. Records of the Western Australian Museum, supplement 86: 247-510 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2022.247-510).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

• Andersen A. N., B. D. Hoffman, and J. Somes. 2003. Ants as indicators of minesite restoration: community recovery at one of eight rehabilitation sites in central Queensland. Ecological Management and Restoration 4: 12-19.
• Andersen A. N., T. D. Penman, N. Debas, and M. Houadria. 2009. Ant community responses to experimental fire and logging in a Eucalypt forest of south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 188-197.
• Borgelt A., and T. R. New. 2006. Pitfall trapping for ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in mesic Australia: what is the best trapping period? Journal of Insect Conservation 10: 75-77.
• CSIRO Collection
• Clark J. 1929. Results of a collecting trip to the Cann River, East Gippsland. Victorian Naturalist (Melbourne) 46: 115-123.
• Clark J. 1938. The Sir Joseph Banks Islands. Reports of the McCoy Society for Field Investigation and Research. Part 10. Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (n.s.)50: 356-382.
• Clay R. E., and K. E. Schneider. 2000. The ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fauna of coastal heath in south-west Victoria: effects of dominance by Acacia sophorae and management actions to control it. Pacific Conservation Biology 6: 144-151.
• Emery C. 1898. Descrizioni di formiche nuove malesi e australiane. Note sinonimiche. Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (n.s.)2: 231-245.
• Emery C. 1913. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137: 1-50.
• Heterick B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1-206. 
• Heterick B. E., and S. Shattuck. 2011. Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2845: 1-174.
• Heterick, B., and S. O. Shattuck. "Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 2845 (2011): 1-174.
• Janda M., G. D. Alpert, M. L. Borowiec, E. P. Economo, P. Klimes, E. Sarnat, and S. O. Shattuck. 2011. Cheklist of ants described and recorded from New Guinea and associated islands. Available on http://www.newguineants.org/. Accessed on 24th Feb. 2011.
• Mann V. 2013. Using insect biodiversity to measure the effectiveness of on-farm restoration plantings. Master of Environmental Management at the School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania 111 pages.
• Shattuck S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 112: i-xix, 1-241.
• Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.
• Taylor R. W., and D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2: 1-149. 
• Van Ingen L. T., R. Campos, and A. N. Andersen. 2008. Ant community structure along an extended rain forest-savanna gradient in tropical Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 24: 445-455.