Male Morphology

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  Griebenow (2024), Figure 2. Glossary of morphological terms used to describe male morphology in the Leptanillinae. Figure A, B is chimeric, but Protanilla zhg-vn01 is the template for Fig. 2C, D A profile habitus. B, mesosomal dorsum. C, genitalia, profile view. D, genitalia, ventral view. Abbreviations: A = abdominal segment; aas = antero-admedian signum; all = apicolateral gonocoxital lamina; axi = axilla; cup = cupula; dpn = petiolar node; fla = flagellum; gcx = gonocoxites; gec = genital capsule; gen = gena; gps = gonopodital suture; ltp = lateropenite (=digitus); mdb = mandible; mel = mesoscutellum; met = metascutellum; mnd = mandalus; msn = mesonotum; mul = mulceators; not = notauli; oce = ocelli; oms = oblique mesopleural sulcus; par = parapsidal signa; ped = pedicel; pen = penial sclerites; pes = presternite; pet = petiole; prn = pronotum; prp = propodeum; prs = parossiculus (= cuspis partim); S = sternite; sca = scape; spp = subpetiolar process; stl = gonostylus; T = tergite; teg = tegula; tss = transscutal line; umt = upper metapleuron; vol = volsella.

Measurements

These measurements were used by Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023) when describing males of the myrmicine species Erromyrma latinodis.

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  Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023), Figure 1. Illustration of measurements of Erromyrma latinodis (CASENT0788835). A, head in full-face view. B, segment abdominal in dorsal view. C, segment abdominal in lateral view.

Definitions

EL

Maximum eye length measured in full-face view along its maximum vertical diameter.

F1

Maximum length of the pedicel (1st funicular segment, 2nd antennal segment) measured in a straight line.

HL

Maximum head length in full-face view, measured in a straight line, from the anterior clypeal margin to the midpoint of a straight line drawn across the occipital margin.

HW1

Head width at the level of the posterior margin of compound eyes, measured in full-face view.

HW2

Maximum head width including the compound eyes, measured in full-face view.

IOD

Inner ocellar distance. Minimum distance between the inner edges of the two lateral ocelli, measured in full-face view.

LOD

Lateral ocellar distance. Minimum distance between the inner edge of the median and lateral ocelli, measured in full-face view.

OOD

Ocular-ocellar distance. Minimum distance from the outer edge of a lateral ocellus to the compound eyes, measured in full-face view.

PL

Petiole length, measured in profile view from the anterior margin of the peduncle to posterior most point of the petiolar tergite.

PW

Petiolar width. Maximum petiole width, measured in dorsal view.

PPW

Postpetiolar width. Maximum postpetiole width, measured in dorsal view.

SL

Scape length. Maximum length of the antennal scape measured in a straight line, excluding the basal constriction and condylar bulb.

Indices

CI

Cephalic index. HW1/HL × 100.

SI

Scape index. SL/HW1 × 100.

EI

Eye index. EL/HW1 × 100.

PI

Petiolar index. PL/PPL.

Wings

Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023) describe the wings of the male of the myrmicine species Erromyrma latinodis:

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  Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023), Figure 3. Male forewing veins of Erromyrma latinodis (CASENT0788835). Abbreviations: Pt, pterostigma; Sc, subcosta; R, r, radius; Rs, rs, radial sector; M, m, media; Cu, cubitus; A, a, anal.

Structures

Pt

pterostigma

Sc

subcosta

R, r

radius

Rs, rs

radial sector

M, m

media

Cu

cubitus

A, a

anal

Genitalia

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  Seifert et al. (2024), Fig. 2. Terminology of male genitalia in ventral view shown in the example of Tapinoma glabrella from Dragonja / Slovenia, 2017.05.15.

Male genitalia in ants has been reviewed by Boudinot (2013).

Ward & Boudinot (2021) provide the following genitalic term equivalencies among key works (see also Boudinot (2013) and references within cited studies):

• Cupula (= basal ring of Snodgrass (1941, 1957))
• Cuspis (= cuspis or distivolsella)
• Gonocoxa (= gonocoxite in the strict sense, basimere of Snodgrass (1957), gonostipes of Schulmeister (2001))
• Gonopod (= gonopodites in the strict sense, parameres of Snodgrass (1941, 1957), latimeres of Schulmeister (2001), stipites of Kempf (1956), stipes of Birket-Smith (1981))
• Gonapophysis (= digitus of Snodgrass (1941, 1957); Schulmeister (2001))
• Gonostylus (= telomere or harpago of Snodgrass (1957), harpe of Schulmeister (2001))
• Penial sclerite (= aedeagal sclerite of Snodgrass (1941, 1957), sagitta of Snodgrass (1957), penisvalva of Schulmeister (2001))

References

• Boudinot, B.E. 2013. The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30, 29e49.
• Boudinot, B.E. 2018. A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. Arthropod Structure & Development 47: 563–613 (doi:10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.001).
• Griebenow, Z. 2024. Systematic revision of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 1189, 83–184 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.1189.107506).
• Ramamonjisoa, M.M., Rasoamanana, N., Fisher, B.L. 2023. Description of the male of Erromyrma Bolton & Fisher, 2016 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 1163, 61-77 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.1163.95696).
• Tozetto, L., Lattke, J.E. 2020. Revealing male genital morphology in the giant ant genus Dinoponera with geometric morphometrics. Arthropod Structure & Development 57, 100943 (doi:10.1016/j.asd.2020.100943)).
• Ward, P.S., Boudinot, B.E. 2021. Grappling with homoplasy: taxonomic refinements and reassignments in the ant genera Camponotus and Colobopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 79, 37–56 (doi:10.3897/asp.79.e66978).