Formica fusca

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Formica fusca
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Formica
Species: F. fusca
Binomial name
Formica fusca
Linnaeus, 1758

Formica-fusca-MCZ001L.jpg

Formica-fusca-MCZ001D.jpg

Specimen Label

Subspecies
Synonyms


Common Name
Silky Ant
Language: English

In Korea this species is common in mountainous highlands of more than 1000 meters (Dong & Kim, 2019). In Greece it is a mountain species noted from all mainland provinces, on islands reported only from Ionian Islands: Ainos Mts. of Cephalonia. It prefers shadow mountain coniferous forests. In Achaia and Aetolia-Acarnania, its nests were observed under stones on mountain pasture, fir forest and border area between pasture and fir forest (Borowiec & Salata, 2021).

At a Glance • Polygynous  

Identification

HeadAntWheeler.jpg

Black, legs brownish. Gula, occiput, mid femora and promesonotum without standing hairs - occasionally one or two weak pronotal hairs. Pubescent hairs on gaster longer than their interspace width. Frons with fine microsculpture. Length: 4.5-7.0 mm.

Mackay and Mackay (2002) - Metasternal lobe is absent or very poorly developed and usually has erect hairs around the metasternal cavity. It is concolorous black with abundant appressed pilosity. The underside of the head has no erect hairs, and the first tergite of the gaster (excluding the posterior edge) has only about 4 course, erect hairs.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Holarctic.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 66.460663° to 14.480317°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: Canada.
Oriental Region: India, Nepal, Pakistan.
Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

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Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart


Biology

Foraging/Diet

Formica fusca collect honeydew. Novgorodova (2015b) investigated ant-aphid interactions of a dozen honeydew collecting ant species in Western Siberia pine and aspen-birch-pine forests (54°7´N, 83°06´E, 200 m, Novosibirsk) and mixed-grass-cereal steppes with aspen-birch groves (53°44´N, 78°02´E, 110 m, near Karasuk) in the Novosibirsk Region and coniferous forests in the northeastern Altai (north end of Lake Teletskoe, 51°48´N, 87°17´E, 434 m). All of the ants studied had workers that showed high fidelity to attending particular aphid colonies, i.e, individual foragers that collect honeydew tend to return to the same location, and group of aphids, every time they leave the nest. F. fusca showed no specialization beyond this foraging site fidelity. F. fusca tended Symydobius oblongus (Heyden), Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer) and Aphis craccivora Koch.

Regional Notes

Europe

This is the common black ant of Europe. It nests variously in banks, under stones and in tree stumps along hedgerows and woodland borders. Workers are timid, fast moving and forage singly, predating small insects but also feeding on extra floral nectaries and on aphid honeydew. Colonies are usually small with up to 500 workers and one or a few queens present. Alatae are developed in June and July and fly off the nests in July and early August (Collingwood 1979).

This species is known to suffer from labial gland disease, a condition caused by an unknown agent, in Spain (Espadaler & Riasol, 1981; Elton, 1991).

Association with Other Organisms

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Other Insects

  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Camponotus herculeanus (a xenobiont) in Poland (Czechowski, 2005; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Forest edge. Under wood).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Camponotus vagus (a xenobiont) in Hungary (Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Pine and poplar forest patches. In/under wood).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formica aquilonia (a xenobiont) in Finland (Czechowski & Vepsalainen, 1999; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Forest on rocks. Mound of F. lugubris).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formica lugubris (a xenobiont) in Finland (Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Different successional series of rocky habitats. Mound of F. lugubris).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formica truncorum (a xenobiont) in Finland (Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Different successional series of rocky habitats. In rock crevice).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Lasius flavus (a xenobiont) in Italy (Balzani et al., 2022).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Lasius flavus (a xenobiont) in Finland (Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (In different successional series of rocky habitats. Under wood; in rock crevice; under stone).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Lasius niger (a xenobiont) in United Kingdom (Kanizsai et al., 2013; Morley, 1945) (under stone).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Lasius platythorax (a xenobiont) in Finland, Poland (Kanizsai et al., 2013; Włodarczyk et al., 2009) (Forest on rocks; clearcut of managed forest. In decaying wood; in tree stump).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Leptothorax acervorum (a xenobiont) in Finland (Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (In different successional series of rocky habitats, in mound of Formica lugubris).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Myrmica rubra (a xenobiont) in Finland, United Kingdom (Czechowski, W. 2003; Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013; Morley, 1945) (habitat foreshore, nests in decaying wood, under stone).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Myrmica ruginodis (a xenobiont) in Poland (Kanizsai et al., 2013; Włodarczyk et al., 2009) (Clearcut of managed forest, in tree stumps).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Tetramorium caespitum (a xenobiont) in Poland (Kanizsai et al., 2013; Włodarczyk et al., 2009) (Clearcut of managed forest, in tree stumps).
  • This species is associated with the aphids Anuraphis subterranea, Aphis asclepiadis, Aphis craccivora, Aphis esulae, Aphis fabae, Aphis farinosa, Aphis gossypii, Aphis helianthi, Aphis hermistonii, Aphis lugentis, Aphis maculatae, Aphis medicaginis, Aphis oenotherae, Aphis pomi, Aphis salicariae, Aphis varians, Artemisaphis artemisicola, Bipersona torticauda, Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachyunguis tetrapteralis, Braggia eriogoni, Ceruraphis viburnicola, Chaitophorus macrostachyae, Chaitophorus populeti, Chaitophorus populialbae, Chaitophorus populifolii, Chaitophorus viminalis, Cinara boerneri, Cinara brevispinosa, Cinara edulis, Cinara laricis, Cinara orientalis, Cinara pilicornis, Cinara pinea, Cinara pini, Cinara pseudotsugae, Cryptomyzus ribis, Drepanosiphum braggii, Dysaphis sorbi, Macrosiphum chrysothamni, Myzaphis rosarum, Myzocallis discolor, Myzus cerasi, Myzus oenotherae, Nasonovia houghtonensis, Obtusicauda frigidae, Periphyllus negundinis, Protaphis middletonii, Pterocomma bicolor, Pterocomma salicis, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Tuberolachnus salignus, Uroleucon ambrosiae, Uroleucon erigeronense and Uroleucon kikioense (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Trichopria formicaria (a parasite) (www.diapriid.org).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis esakii (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This species is a host for the eulophid wasp Melittobia acasta (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This species is a mutualist for the butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis (Obregon et al. 2015).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Aenigmatias dorni (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Aenigmatias lubbocki (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon albicomatus (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon sp. (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).

Fungi

This ant is a host for the fungi Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila, Aegeritella superficialis, Aegeritella tuberculata (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012) and Pandora formicae (Małagocka et al., 2017).

Trematoda

  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a parasite) (de Bekker et al., 2018).
  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum (a parasite) in Armenia (Arakelian et al., 1997).

Nematodes

  • This species is a host for the nematode Comanimermis clujensis (a parasite) (Coman, 1953).
  • This species is a host for the nematode Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") (a parasite) in Germany (Gosswald, 1930; Laciny, 2021).

The records of this species being enslaved by Formica aserva noted by Ruano et al. (2019) are in error as this species is outside the geographic distribution of F. aserva (Palearctic host, Nearctic parasite) (de la Mora et al., 2021).

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Life History Traits

  • Mean colony size: 500 (Wallis, 1964; Moglich & Holldobler, 1975; Beckers et al., 1989)
  • Foraging behaviour: mass recruiter (Wallis, 1964; Moglich & Holldobler, 1975; Beckers et al., 1989)

Castes

Queens of different fecundity levels differed in their Cuticular Hydrocarbons profiles. This was associated with worker behaviour; the higher a queen’s fecundity, the more attention she received from workers (Hannonen et al. 2002).

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Formica fusca casent0173170 head 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0173170 profile 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0173170 dorsal 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0173170 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173170. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Formica fusca casent0173171 head 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0173171 profile 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0173171 profile 2.jpgFormica fusca casent0173171 dorsal 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0173171 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173171. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Formica fusca casent0178770 head 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0178770 profile 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0178770 profile 2.jpgFormica fusca casent0178770 profile 3.jpgFormica fusca casent0178770 dorsal 1.jpgFormica fusca casent0178770 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0178770. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • fusca. Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758: 580 (w.) EUROPE.
    • Latreille, 1802c: 159 (q.m.)
    • Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 164 (l.).
    • Combination in F. (Serviformica): Forel, 1913i: 361.
    • Senior synonym of barbata: Emery & Forel, 1879: 451; of flavipes, libera: Latreille, 1802c: 159; Smith, F. 1851: 3; Roger, 1863b: 13; of pallipes, rufipes: Dlussky, 1967a: 58; of tristis: Emery, 1892b: 162; of glebaria: Mayr, 1855: 346; Yarrow, 1954a: 230; Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Radchenko, 2007: 35.
    • Current subspecies: nominal plus alpicola, fuscolemani, hyrcana, maura, tombeuri.
    • See also: Emery, 1893i: 657; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 494; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 304; Stitz, 1939: 348; Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 148; Francoeur, 1973: 189; Tarbinsky, 1976: 180; Collingwood, 1979: 120; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 183; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 260; Seppä, et al. 2011: 31.
    • Status as species: Schar et al., 2018: 6.
  • libera. Formica libera Scopoli, 1763: 313 (w.) AUSTRIA. Junior synonym of fusca: Latreille, 1802a: 159.
  • flavipes. Formica flavipes Geoffroy, in Fourcroy, 1785: 452 (m.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of fusca: Latreille, 1802c: 161.
  • barbata. Formica barbata Razoumowski, 1789: 225, fig. 12 (w.) SWITZERLAND. Junior synonym of fusca: Emery & Forel, 1879: 451.
  • tristis. Formica tristis Christ, 1791: 513, pl. 60, fig. 13 (m.) no locality given. Junior synonym of fusca: Emery, 1892b: 162.
  • glebaria. Formica glebaria Nylander, 1846a: 917, pl. 18, fig. 23 (w.q.) FINLAND. Foerster, 1850a: 31 (m.). Combination in F. (Serviformica): Forel, 1915d: 63. Subspecies of fusca: Emery & Forel, 1879: 451; Wheeler, W.M. 1908g: 408; Emery, 1909b: 196; Ruzsky, 1914b: 104; Forel, 1915d: 63; Emery, 1916b: 254; Santschi, 1925g: 353; Karavaiev, 1927c: 286; Stitz, 1939: 353; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 108; of rufibarbis: Karavaiev, 1936: 237. Status as species: Bondroit, 1918: 49; Müller, 1923: 139; Boven, 1947: 188. Junior synonym of cunicularia: Bernard, 1967: 296; Boven, 1977: 164; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 59; of fusca: Mayr, 1855: 346; Yarrow, 1954a: 230; Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Radchenko, 2007: 35.
  • pallipes. Formica fusca var. pallipes Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926b: 97 (w.) KAZAKHSTAN. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of pallipes Latreille, above.] Junior synonym of fusca: Dlussky, 1967a: 58; Tarbinsky, 1976: 180.
  • rufipes. Formica fusca var. rufipes Stitz, 1930: 238 (w.q.) RUSSIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of rufipes Fabricius, 1775: 391, above.] Junior synonym of fusca: Dlussky, 1967a: 58.

Taxonomic Notes

Dong & Kim (2019): This species was previously known as Formica lemani in Korea but we treated this species as a misidentication of Formica fusca by the following characteristics: 1. No more than 6 erect hairs (Radchenko, 2005) on the pronotum of worker. 2. Workers with less than 3 hairs in mid femur. However, according to Dlussky and Pisarski (1971), there are some variable individuals without any setae on the pronotum, which requires close examination. Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Francoeur 1973. Figures 326-341.

Karyotype

  • n = 27, 2n = 54 (Germany; Japan; Switerland) (Imai, 1969 ; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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