Camponotus

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Camponotus
Temporal range: 53–0 Ma Ypresian, Early Eocene – Recent
Camponotus ligniperda
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Camponotus
Mayr, 1861
Type species
Formica ligniperda, now Camponotus ligniperda
Subgenera
Diversity
1,505 species
29 fossil species
(Species Checklist, Species by Country)

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 profile 1.jpg

Camponotus ligniperda

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms

Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - Camponotus is an extremely large and complex, globally distributed genus. At present, more than 1000 species and nearly 500 subspecies belonging to 45 subgenera are described (Bolton, 2012) and it could well be the largest ant genus of all. The enormous species richness, high levels of intraspecific and geographic variation and polymorphism render the taxonomy of Camponotus one of the most complex and difficult. Revisionary studies on Camponotus are generally confined to species groups and/or small geographical regions (e.g. Robertson & Zachariades, 1997; Snelling, 2006; McArthur, 2007; Shattuck & Janda, 2009). These ants live in a variety of habitats and microhabitats and the sheer size of the genus makes any characterisation of their biology challenging. Nests are built in the ground, in rotten branches or twigs, or rarely into living wood (Bolton, 1973a) and most species possess a highly generalistic diet.

Recently, Blaimer et al. (2015) found that Camponotus is paraphyletic with respect to Phasmomyrmex and Forelophilus, and that Colobopsis is sister to the remainder of the Camponotini while Dinomyrmex is nested outside of Camponotus. For this reason, Ward et al. (2016) revised the generic delimitation of the Camponotini (see the individual generic pages for additional information).


Photo Gallery

  • Camponotus Shattuck 53201 Danum Valley Sabah-web.jpg
  • Camponotus Shattuck 54238 Danum Valley Sabah-web.jpg
  • Camponotus pennsylvanicus feeding on a droplet of honey.
  • Shattuck C16190-web, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg
  • Camponotus Shattuck 54662 Danum Valley Sabah-web.jpg
  • A queen from Dominican amber.
  • Mermithid nematode exposed in the gaster of Camponotus sp. from the Sierra Nevada, California (Poinar, 2012, Fig. 2).
  • A Camponotus sp. infected by the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis from San Pedrillo, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Photo by Katja Schulz.
  • Camponotus compressus minor worker carrying a termite dealate. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by Yathumon M A.

Identification

Camponotus is a hyperdiverse genus (> 1,000 species, > 400 subspecies) that is rife with taxonomic problems and puzzles. Various subgenera, complexes, and informal groupings have either been defined in taxonomic publications or have been informally recognized. All of this sorting of species at the level between the genus and species level is an attempt to introduce some order to the genus and/or allow for a more workable framework for understanding Camponotus diversity within a particular region. The Camponotus species groups page provides links to some of the Antwiki pages that include Camponotus species groupings and information. See, particularly, Emery's (1925) keys to the subgenera of Camponotus, as well as related pages linked therein.

Distinguishing Colobopsis from Camponotus

To differentiate Colobopsis from Camponotus Ward et al. (2016) proposed the following global key:

1 Not occurring in Fiji or New Caledonia ... 2

- Occurring in Fiji ... 3

- Occurring New Caledonia ... 4


2 Generally small species, HW 0.65–1.10 (except cylindrica-group of Southeast Asia with HW 1.20–1.70, and facies as in Figures 4 and 5); either antennal insertions relatively well separated, such that ASM/HW 0.36–0.47 and ASM/CLW 0.66–0.98, and/or clypeus relatively narrow, such that CLW/CLL 0.96–1.32; antennal insertions occurring at about midlength of frontal carinae; anterolateral extremities of clypeus set off from rest of clypeus by a sulcus or impression, so clypeus appears to lack prominent anterolateral extensions (Figures 2–5) ... Colobopsis

- Small to large species, HW 0.70–3.00; antennal insertions less well separated, such that ASM/HW 0.22–0.35 and ASM/CLW 0.35–0.68; clypeus variable in shape but in smaller species with HW 0.70–1.35 (e.g., Camponotus (Myrmamblys), C. (Myrmentoma) and C. (Pseudocolobopsis)) clypeus tending to be relatively broad, such that CLW/CLL 1.25–1.62, although exceptions occur (e.g., in some C. (Pseudocolobopsis) species) (Figures 14–15); antennal insertions usually occurring in front of midlength of frontal carinae; clypeus typically with prominent anterolateral extensions (Figure 15) ... Camponotus


3 With conspicuous long setae, gracile legs, and a shield-shaped clypeus with prominent anterolateral extensions (Figure 16) ... Camponotus chloroticus

- Without the combination of conspicuous long setae and gracile legs; clypeus lacking prominent anterolateral extensions (Figures 8–11) ... Colobopsis


4 Small species, HW 0.68–1.04; antennal insertions more widely separated (ASM/HW 0.34–0.39 and ASM/CLW 0.64–0.77) (Figures 18–19); clypeus tending to be less broad (CLW/CLL 1.15–1.40) ... Colobopsis

- Small to medium-sized species, HW 0.75–2.10; antennal insertions less well separated (ASM/HW 0.25–0.29 and ASM/CLW 0.46–0.55); clypeus varying in shape, but if HW < 1.05 (e.g., Camponotus pulchellus complex) (Figure 17) then clypeus tending to be broader (CLW/CLL 1.25–1.60) ... Camponotus


AntWeb icon 02.png See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus

Keys to Species in this Genus

Emery's keys to the subgenera from Genera Insectorum

Emery's (1925) key to subgenera from Genera Insectorum

Species Groups

Distribution

Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

Afrotropical Region Australasian Region Indo-Australian Region Malagasy Region Nearctic Region Neotropical Region Oriental Region Palaearctic Region
Species 308 145 201 114 50 477 127 240
Total Species 2840 1735 3042 932 835 4378 1740 2862

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Aix-en-Provence, France (Late Oligocene), Baltic amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Barstow Formation, California, United States (Burdigalian to Langhian, Early to Middle Miocene), Bembridge Marls, Isle of Wight, UK (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Brunn-Vösendorf, Austria (Late Miocene), Brunstatt, Haut-Rhin, France (Early Oligocene), Canyon Ferry Reservoir, Montana, United States (Rupelian, Oligocene) (an unidentified species, LaPolla, 2023), Danish-Scandinavian amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Decín, Czech Republic (Early Miocene), Florissant, Colorado, United States (Late Eocene), Fushun amber, Liaoning, China (Ypresian, Early Eocene), Green River Formation, Colorado, United States (Lutetian, Middle Eocene), Joursac, Auvergne, France (Late Miocene), Montagne d'Andance, Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche, France (Early Turolian, Late Miocene), Oeningen, Switzerland (Messinian, Late Miocene), Radoboj, Croatia (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Rovno amber (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Shanwang, China (Early Miocene), Zhangpu amber, Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, China (Miocene) (an unidentified species, Wang et al., 2021).

Takahashi & Aiba (2023) comment on a winged Camponotus fossils from the Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) Shiobara Group, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. However, B. Boudinot (03.Nov.2023) notes that these specimens are misidentified to genus; while it is plausible that they may be Formicinae, it is not immediately obvious to which genus they should be attributed.

Biology

Nesting Habits

There is great diversity of nest architecture: in ground, in dead wood, or structures constructed outside tree trunks and branches using carton (rigid material composed of masticated and moistened plant fibres) or silk.

Species belonging to three subgenera (Karavaievia in Asia; Dendromyrmex and Myrmobrachys in South America) use last-instar larvae to weave their nests, and incorporate sand particles, detritus and bits of plants into the silk sheet (e.g. Camponotus texens and Camponotus gombaki; Maschwitz et al. 1985). See also Camponotus nitidior, Camponotus chartifex, Camponotus senex

A twig-nesting species from Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

Shattuck C16190-web, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg Shattuck C16415-1, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg Shattuck C16458-1, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg Shattuck C16469-1, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg

Ant Gardens

Four unidentified species of Camponotus from peninsular Malaysia are known to form ant-gardens (i.e., they are able to initiate ant gardens or are restricted to ant gardens) (Kaufmann at al., 2001; Kaufmann, 2002 (noted as ant-garden initiator); Kaufmann & Maschwitz, 2006; Orivel & Leroy, 2011).

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Unknown species of Camponotus are involved in the following associations:

Associate Type Associate Taxon Relationship Locality Source Notes
Braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Encyrtid wasp Arketypon vaderi Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Encyrtid wasp Arketypon vaderi Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Eucharitid wasp Ancylotropus manipurensis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Lophyrocera variabilis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Mateucharis rugulosa Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura americana Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea madangensis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea sp. Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Stilbuloida doddi Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Zulucharis campbelli Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eucharitid wasp Ancylotropus manipurensis Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Lophyrocera variabilis Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Mateucharis rugulosa Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura gibbosa Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea sp. Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea madangensis Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Stilbuloida doddi Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eucharitid wasp Zulucharis campbelli Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eulophid wasp Horismenus microdonophagus Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Eulophid wasp Horismenus myrmecophagus Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Eulophid wasp Horismenus microdonophagus Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Eulophid wasp Horismenus myrmecophagus Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eulophid wasp Pediobius acraconae Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Eurytomid wasp Camponotophilus delvarei Parasitoid Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly Apocephalus crucicauda Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly Apocephalus crucicauda Parasitoid phorid.net attacked
Phorid fly Apocephalus similis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly Apocephalus similis Parasitoid phorid.net attacked
Phorid fly Diocophora appretiata Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly Diocophora disparifrons Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Microdon fly Microdon piperi Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Cricket Myrmecophilus arboreus Myrmecophile New Guinea
Cricket Myrmecophilus baronii Myrmecophile Mediterranean region Stalling & Cassar, 2020
Tiger beetle Cicindela limbalis Predator United States Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Tiger beetle Cicindela scutellaris lecontei Predator Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Nematode Steinerema carpocapsae Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Strepsipteran Apocephalus conecitonis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Strepsipteran Apocephalus paraponerae Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Beauveria bassiana Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Gibellula formicarium Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Laboulbenia camponoti Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps acerosa Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae Parasitoid Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii Parasitoid Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps irangiensis Parasitoid Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps japonensis Parasitoid Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata Parasitoid Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps rami Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps rami Parasitoid Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps septa Parasitoid Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps septa Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Stilbella burmensis Parasitoid Quevillon, 2018
Fungus Torrubiella formicarum Parasitoid Ghana Samson, et al., 1989

All Associate Records for Genus

Click here to show/hide associate data.
Taxon Relationship Associate Type Associate Taxon Associate Relationship Locality Source Notes
Camponotus associate (details unknown) encyrtid wasp Arketypon vaderi associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus associate (details unknown) eulophid wasp Horismenus microdonophagus associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus associate (details unknown) eulophid wasp Pediobius acraconae associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus associate (details unknown) fungus Gibellula formicarium associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus host braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host cricket Myrmecophilus arboreus myrmecophile New Guinea
Camponotus host cricket Myrmecophilus baronii myrmecophile Mediterranean region Stalling &amp; Cassar, 2020
Camponotus host encyrtid wasp Arketypon vaderi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Ancylotropus manipurensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Ancylotropus manipurensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Lophyrocera variabilis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Lophyrocera variabilis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Mateucharis rugulosa parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Mateucharis rugulosa parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura americana parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura gibbosa parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea madangensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea madangensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea sp. parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Stilbuloida doddi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Stilbuloida doddi parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Zulucharis campbelli parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Zulucharis campbelli parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eulophid wasp Horismenus microdonophagus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host eulophid wasp Horismenus myrmecophagus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eulophid wasp Horismenus myrmecophagus parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host eurytomid wasp Camponotophilus delvarei parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host fungus Beauveria bassiana parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps acerosa parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps irangiensis pathogen Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps japonensis pathogen Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii binata pathogen Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps rami parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps rami pathogen Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps septa parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps septa pathogen Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Stilbella burmensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host fungus Torrubiella formicarum pathogen Ghana Samson, et al., 1989
Camponotus host nematode Steinerema carpocapsae parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host phorid fly Apocephalus crucicauda parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus host phorid fly Apocephalus crucicauda parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host phorid fly Apocephalus similis parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus host phorid fly Apocephalus similis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host phorid fly Diocophora appretiata parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host phorid fly Diocophora disparifrons parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host strepsipteran Apocephalus conecitonis parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus host strepsipteran Apocephalus paraponerae parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus prey tiger beetle Cicindela limbalis predator United States Valenti &amp; Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Camponotus prey tiger beetle Cicindela scutellaris lecontei predator United States Valenti &amp; Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Camponotus aberrans host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus aberrans host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Africa Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus acvapimensis host encyrtid wasp Anagyrus lopezi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus acvapimensis host milichiid fly Milichia savannaticola myrmecophile Demming, 1981; Yusah &amp; Fayle, 2014 details of interaction uncertain
Camponotus acvapimensis host phorid fly Microselia deemingi parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus acvapimensis mutualist psyllid Diaphorina enderleini trophobiont Cameroon, Ethiopia Aléné et al., 2011
Camponotus aethiops host ant Camponotus universitatis inquiline Tinaut et al., 1992; Guillem et al., 2014
Camponotus aethiops host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus aethiops host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus aethiops host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler &amp; Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus aethiops host nematode Camponotimermis bifidus parasite Ipateva et al., 1990
Camponotus aethiops host nematode Comanimermis clujensis parasite Coman, 1953
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Aphis brotericola trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Aphis fabae trophobiont Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Aphis salviae trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Brachcaudus helicrysi trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Brachycaudus cardui trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Lachnus roboris trophobiont Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist aphid Thelaxes suberi trophobiont Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus americanus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus americanus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen North America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus angusticollis host fungus Pandora formicae pathogen India Baiswar &amp; Firake, 2022
Camponotus angusticollis prey tiger beetle Cicindela whithilli predator Western Ghats, India Sinu et al., 2006
Camponotus apicalis host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon fulgens predator Florida, Georgia (type), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas Wiedemann, 1830
Camponotus atriceps host eucharitid wasp Obeza floridana parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus atriceps host eucharitid wasp Obeza floridana parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host eulophid wasp Horismenus floridensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus atriceps host eulophid wasp Horismenus floridensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis pathogen South America Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017; Sobczak et al., 2017
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii pathogen Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii lloydii parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen North and South America Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus atriceps host nematode Mermithidae (unspecified &quot;Mermix&quot;) parasite Mexico Wheeler, 1933; Laciny, 2021 as ''Camponotus abdominalis stercorarius''
Camponotus atriceps host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps host strepsipteran Pseudacteon lontrae parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus auriventris host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus auriventris host fungus Ophiocordyceps irangiensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus auriventris host fungus Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus baldaccii host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus baldaccii host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler &amp; Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus balzani host eurytomid wasp Aximopsis sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus balzani host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus balzani host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani pathogen Brazil Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Apocephalus brochus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Apocephalus brochus parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Diocophora sp parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia trivittata parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus banghaasi host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia trivittata parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus bispinosus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-bispinosi parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus bispinosus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-bispinosi pathogen South America Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus blandus host phorid fly Apocephalus mucronatus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus brutus associate (details unknown) encyrtid wasp Ooencrytus sp. associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus brutus host encyrtid wasp Ooencyrtus sp. parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus brutus host fungus Akanthomyces gracilis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus brutus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus brutus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus buchneri host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus buchneri host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus castaneus host braconid wasp Elasmosoma pergandei parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus castaneus host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus castaneus host fungus Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus castaneus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus castaneus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato pathogen Mangold et al., 2019
Camponotus castaneus host nematode Rabbium paradoxus parasite Florida, United States Poinar et al., 1989
Camponotus chartifex host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-chartificis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus chartifex host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-chartificis pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus chartifex host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus chromaiodes host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus chromaiodes host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Blounts Creek, North Carolina, USA
Camponotus cingulatus host phorid fly Apocephalus bispinosus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus cingulatus host phorid fly Apocephalus elizaldae parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus cingulatus host phorid fly Diocopbora disparifrons parasite Brazil Borgmeier, 1959; Brown &amp; Fenner, 1998
Camponotus cingulatus host phorid fly Diocophora disparifrons parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus cingulatus host phorid fly Pseudacteon borgmeieri parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus claripes host nematode Mermithidae (unspecified &quot;Mermix&quot;) parasite Australia (NSW) Wheeler, 1933; Laciny, 2021
Camponotus compressiscapus host trematode Dicrocoelium hospes parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus compressus host chalcid wasp Epitranus chilkaensis parasite Narendran, 1989; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aphis craccivora trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aphis fabae trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aphis fabae trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aphis gossypii trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Verghese and Tandon, 1987; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aphis nerii trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aphis punicae trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Aulacorthum solani trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Brachycaudus cardui trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Eriosoma lanigerum trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Lipaphis erysimi trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Myzus ornatus trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Myzus persicae trophobiont Pakistan Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Phorodon cannabis trophobiont Pakistan Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Rakhshan &amp; Ahmad, 2015; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Rhopalosiphum padi trophobiont Pakistan Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Rakhshan &amp; Ahmad, 2015; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Schizaphis graminum trophobiont Pakistan Verghese &amp; Tandon, 1987; Kataria &amp; Kumar, 2013; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Sitobion avenae trophobiont Pakistan Kataria &amp; Kumar, 2013; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist aphid Uroleucon carthami trophobiont Pakistan Kataria &amp; Kumar, 2013; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus consobrinus host nematode Mermithidae (unspecified &quot;Mermix&quot;) parasite Australia (NSW) Wheeler, 1933; Laciny, 2021
Camponotus crassus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus crassus host phorid fly Apocephalus crucicauda parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus crassus host phorid fly Apocephalus setiventris parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus crassus host phorid fly Apocephalus setiventris parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus crassus host phorid fly Diocopbora disparifrons parasite Brazil Borgmeier, 1959; Brown &amp; Fenner, 1998
Camponotus crassus host phorid fly Diocophora disparifrons parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus crassus host strepsipteran Stichotrema beckeri parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus cruentatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps halabalaensis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus cruentatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps ridleyi pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus cruentatus host phorid fly Microselia rivierae parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus cruentatus host strepsipteran Pseudacteon obtusus parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest; as Camponotus punctulatus cruentatus
Camponotus cruentatus mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus cruentatus mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus dolichoderoides host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus dolichoderoides host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus essigi mutualist butterfly Philotes rita pallescens Nevada, United States Shields, 1973; Snelling, 1988
Camponotus fallax mutualist butterfly Polyommatus celina Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus fallax xenobiont ant Lasius brunneus xenobiont Poland Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013 Urban park. In decaying wood.
Camponotus femoratus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-femorati parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus femoratus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-femorati pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus femoratus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus femoratus host phorid fly Apocephalus laceyi parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus femoratus host phorid fly Diocophora sp parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus femoratus host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus femoratus host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus femoratus host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus femoratus xenobiont ant Solenopsis picea host
Camponotus festinatus xenobiont ant Monomorium minimum xenobiont United States Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1901
Camponotus festinatus xenobiont ant Pachycondyla harpax xenobiont United States Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1901 At road. Under stone.
Camponotus flavomarginatus host encyrtid wasp Anagyrus lopezi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus floridanus host eucharitid wasp Obeza floridana parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus floridanus host eulophid wasp Horismenus floridensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus floridanus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus floridanus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus floridanus host phorid fly Diocophora trichogaster parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus foersteri host phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus foersteri host phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus foreli mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus gestroi mutualist aphid Thelaxes suberis trophobiont Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus helleri host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus herculeanus host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Oregon, Montana, Washington (type) Knab, 1917
Camponotus herculeanus host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus herculeanus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus herculeanus host mite Holostaspis flexuosa parasite Western Siberia, Russia Joharchi et al., 2020 ectoparasite
Camponotus herculeanus host nematode Mermithidae (unspecified &quot;Mermix&quot;) parasite Italy Finzi, 1930; Laciny, 2021
Camponotus herculeanus host nematode Oscheius dolichura parasite Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus herculeanus host nematode Oscheius dolichura parasite Ontario Nickle &amp; Ayre, 1966
Camponotus herculeanus host phorid fly Menozziola schmitzi parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus herculeanus host phorid fly Trucidophora camponoti parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus herculeanus host trematode Brachylecithum mosquensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Aphis lugentis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Aphis salicariae trophobiont Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Aphis valerianae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Aphis varians trophobiont Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Chaitophorus populicola trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Chaitophorus populifolii trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Cinara apini trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Cinara hottesi trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Cinara pseudotsugae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Cinara splendens trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Cinara vandykei trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Obtusicauda frigidae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Pterocomma populeum trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus mutualist aphid Schizaphis graminum trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus herculeanus xenobiont ant Formica fusca xenobiont Poland Czechowski, 2005; Kanizsai et al., 2013 Forest edge. Under wood
Camponotus herculeanus xenobiont ant Lasius platythorax xenobiont Finland Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013 In decaying wood.
Camponotus hippocrepis host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-hippocrepidis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus hippocrepis host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-hippocrepidis pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus holosericeus host phorid fly Megaselia holosericei parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus holosericeus host phorid fly Megaselia holosericei parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus holosericeus host phorid fly Megaselia sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus holosericeus host phorid fly Megaselia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus indianus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani pathogen Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus invidus mutualist aphid Aphis craccivora trophobiont Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus japonicus host ant Polyrhachis lamellidens temporary parasite Kohriba, 1963
Camponotus japonicus host butterfly Lampides argyrognomon myrmecophile Mizuno et al., 2018
Camponotus japonicus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus japonicus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis tenuicornis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus japonicus host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus japonicus mutualist aphid Chaitophorus saliniger trophobiont Hembry et al., 2006; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus kiusiuensis host ant Polyrhachis lamellidens temporary parasite Sakai, 1990 needs confirmation
Camponotus kurdistanicus mutualist aphid Aphis craccivora trophobiont Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus kurdistanicus mutualist aphid Thelaxes suberis trophobiont Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus laevissimus host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Oregon, Montana, Washington (type) Knab, 1917
Camponotus lateralis mutualist aphid Aphis spiraecola trophobiont Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus libanicus mutualist aphid Aphis craccivora trophobiont Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus ligniperda host fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila pathogen based on a photo by Michal Kukla, fungal identification by João Araújo
Camponotus ligniperda host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus ligniperda host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus ligniperda xenobiont ant Aphaenogaster subterranea xenobiont Hungary Kanizsai et al., 2013 Pine forest. Under stone.
Camponotus maculatus host eucharitid wasp Hydrorhoa striaticeps Kieffer complex parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus maculatus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus maculatus host phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus maculatus host strepsipteran Pseudacteon simplex parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus maculatus mutualist aphid Cinara apini trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus melanoticus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici pathogen Brazil Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus mitis host cricket Myrmecophilus albicinctus myrmecophile India
Camponotus modoc host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon albicomatus predator Idaho (type), Washington Novak, 1977
Camponotus modoc host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Oregon, Montana, Washington (type) Knab, 1917
Camponotus modoc mutualist aphid Aphis lugentis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus modoc prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus modoc xenobiont ant Leptothorax calderoni xenobiont United States Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1917 Pine forest. In log/in stump.
Camponotus mus prey syrphid fly Masarygus planifrons predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus navigator mutualist aphid Hysteroneura setariae trophobiont Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus nidulans host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-nidulantis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus nidulans host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-nidulantis pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus nidulans host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus novaeboracensis host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon albicomatus predator Paulson &amp; Akre, 1991; www.diapriid.org
Camponotus novaeboracensis host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus novaeboracensis host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura gibbosa parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus novaeboracensis host phorid fly Trucidophora camponoti parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus novaeboracensis mutualist aphid Chaitophorus nigrae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus novaeboracensis mutualist aphid Cinara schwarzii trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus novaeboracensis mutualist aphid Lachnus solitarius trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus novaeboracensis prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon cothurnatus predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus novaeboracensis prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon tristis predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus novogranadensis host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis pathogen Brazil Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus nylanderi host aphelinid wasp Aphytis melinus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus nylanderi host encyrtid wasp Leptomastix dactylopii parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus oasium mutualist aphid Aphis craccivora trophobiont Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus oasium mutualist aphid Aphis frangulae trophobiont Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus obscuripes host ant Polyrhachis lamellidens temporary parasite Sakai, 1990
Camponotus obscuripes host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis tenuicornis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus obscuripes host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus obscuripes host fungus Ophiocordyceps pulvinata pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus obscuripes host fungus Ophiocordyceps sessilis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus obscuripes prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon macrocerus predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus oertzeni host ant Camponotus ruseni inquiline Turkey Karaman &amp; Kiran, 2022
Camponotus paradoxus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus parius mutualist aphid Aphis gossypii trophobiont Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus parius prey tiger beetle Cicindela duponti predator Western Ghats, India Sinu et al., 2006
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host phorid fly Apocephalus concisus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host phorid fly Apocephalus oergandei parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host phorid fly Apocephalus pergandei parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia conica parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host phorid fly Trucidophora camponoti parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host trematode Brachylecithum mosquensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus pennsylvanicus mutualist aphid Chaitophorus populicola trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus mutualist aphid Cinara coloradensis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus mutualist aphid Cinara flexilis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus mutualist aphid Cinara strobi trophobiont Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon cothurnatus predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus pennsylvanicus prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon tristis predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus pennsylvanicus xenobiont ant Formica subaenescens xenobiont United States Gaige ,1914; Kanizsai et al., 2013 Hardwood forest. Under log.
Camponotus piceus host fungus Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Aphis brotericola trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Aphis chloris trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Aphis craccivora trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Aphis euphorbiae trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Aphis fabae trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Aphis salviae trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Hyadaphis hofmanni trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist aphid Staegeriella necopinata trophobiont Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus pilicornis host ant Camponotus universitatis inquiline Tinaut et al., 1992; Guillem et al., 2014
Camponotus pilicornis host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler &amp; Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus pilicornis mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus pilicornis mutualist butterfly Tomares ballus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus planatus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura sculpturata parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus planatus host strepsipteran Caenocholax fenyesi parasite Mexico Kathirithamby &amp; Hughes, 2002; Cook, 2019
Camponotus planatus xenobiont ant Tapinoma litorale xenobiont
Camponotus polyrhachioides associate (details unknown) fungus Gibellula formicarium associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus polyrhachioides host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus pompeius cassius host nematode Mermithidae (unspecified &quot;Mermix&quot;) parasite Congo Wheeler, 1928; Laciny, 2021
Camponotus punctatissimus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Taiwan Lin et al., 2020 identification of host needs confirmation
Camponotus punctulatus host strepsipteran Pseudacteon solenopsidis parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus punctulatus cruentus host strepsipteran Caenocholax fenyesi parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus punctulatus cruentus host strepsipteran Myrmecolax ogloblini parasite Cook, 2019 reported as &quot;''Camponotus punctulatus cruentatus'' Forel&quot;
Camponotus punctulatus cruentus host strepsipteran Stichotrema beckeri parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus punctulatus minutior host nematode Mermithidae (unspecified &quot;Mermix&quot;) parasite Argentina Wheeler, 1929; Laciny, 2021
Camponotus rapax host fungus Ophiocordyceps australis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rapax host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Apocephalus brochus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Apodicrania molinai parasite Brown et al., 2015 attracted to injured
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 attracted to injured
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia maculineura parasite Brown et al., 2015 attracted to injured
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 attracted to injured
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rapax host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia trivittata parasite Brown et al., 2015 attracted to injured
Camponotus rectangularis host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus renggeri host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-renggeri pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus reticulatus mutualist aphid Aphis gossypii trophobiont Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus reticulatus mutualist aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa trophobiont Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus rufifemur host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufifemur host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufipes host diapriid wasp Coecopria plaumanni parasite www.diapriid.org
Camponotus rufipes host diapriid wasp Coecopria pygmea parasite www.diapriid.org
Camponotus rufipes host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis pathogen Brazil Andersen et al., 2012; Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Loreto et al., 2014; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Apocephalus angustinervis parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Apocephalus augustinervis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Apocephalus camponoti parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Apocephalus lanceatus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Apocephalus setiventris parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Auxanommatidia myrmecophila parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Diocopbora disparifrons parasite Brazil Borgmeier, 1959; Brown &amp; Fenner, 1998
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Diocophora disparifrons parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Diocophora modesta parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Pseudacteon borgmeieri parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufipes host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus rufoglaucus host cricket Myrmophilellus meneliki myrmecophile Ethiopia Reichensperger, 1913
Camponotus ruseni inquiline ant Camponotus oertzeni host Turkey de la Mora et al., 2021; Karaman &amp; Kiran, 2022
Camponotus sanctaefidei leonhardi host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus sansabeanus host phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus sansabeanus host phorid fly Apocephalus similis parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus sansabeanus mutualist aphid Thecabius populimonilis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus sansabeanus xenobiont ant Monomorium minimum xenobiont United States Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1901
Camponotus sansabeanus xenobiont ant Pachycondyla harpax xenobiont United States Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1901
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Aphis brohmeri trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Aphis fabae trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Callipterinella tuberculata trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Chaitophorus albus trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Chaitophorus populeti trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Chaitophorus populialbae trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Chaitophorus tremulae trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Cinara pini trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Cinara pinihabitans trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Glyphina betulae trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis mutualist aphid Symydobius oblongus trophobiont Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus senex host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus sericeiventris host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus sericeiventris host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Apocephalus emargilatus parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Apocephalus emargilatus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Apocephalus magnicauda parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Apodicrania molinai parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Diocophora sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Megaselia sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Megaselia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia maculineura parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia nubilifurca parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia sp. parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus sericeiventris host phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia trivittata parasite Brown et al., 2015 injured
Camponotus sexguttatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-sexguttati pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus sexguttatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus singularis host fungus Ophiocordyceps irangiensis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus singularis host fungus Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus subbarbatus mutualist aphid Drepanaphis nigricans trophobiont Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus sylvaticus host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler &amp; Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus sylvaticus mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus textor associate (details unknown) eurytomid wasp Camponotophilus delvarei associate (details unknown) Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus textor host eulophid wasp Horismenus myrmecophagus parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus turkestanicus mutualist aphid Eulachnus tuberculostemmatus trophobiont Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus universitatis host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler &amp; Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus universitatis inquiline ant Camponotus aethiops host de la Mora et al., 2021; Espadaler, 1981; Guillem et al., 2014; Karaman et al., 2013; Tinaut et al., 1992; Seifert, 2018
Camponotus universitatis inquiline ant Camponotus pilicornis host Espadaler, 1981; Tinaut et al., 1992; Seifert, 2018
Camponotus vagus host braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus vagus host phorid fly Microselia southwoodi parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus vagus host virus Chronic bee paralysis virus parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Camponotus vagus xenobiont ant Formica fusca xenobiont Hungary Kanizsai et al., 2013 Pine and poplar forest patches. In/under wood
Camponotus variegatus papua host strepsipteran Pseudacteon sp. parasite Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus vicinus host cricket Myrmecophilus manni myrmecophile Mexico, United States
Camponotus vicinus host nematode Formicitylenchus oregonensis parasite Oregon, USA Poinar, 2003
Camponotus vicinus host phorid fly Apocephalus horridus parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus vicinus host phorid fly Apocephalus similis parasite phorid.net attacked
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Aphis asclepiadis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Aphis clerodendri trophobiont Carver et al., 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Aphis valerianae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Bipersona torticauda trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Chaitophorus populifolii trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Chaitophorus viminalis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Cinara edulis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Cinara oregonensis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Cinara ponderosae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Cinara pseudotsugae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Cinara schwarzii trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Cinara sibiricae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Lachnus solitarius trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Macrosiphum chrysothamni trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Macrosiphum valerianae trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Protaphis middletonii trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus mutualist aphid Thecabius populimonilis trophobiont Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon cothurnatus predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus vicinus prey ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Quevillon, 2018
Camponotus vividus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis parasitoid Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus vividus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus yogi xenobiont ant Temnothorax andrei xenobiont United States Creighton &amp; Snelling, 1966; Kanizsai et al., 2013 Chaparral. In living stems of ''Haplopappus pinifolius''.

Flight Period

All Flight Records for Genus

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Taxon Month Source Notes
Camponotus aethiops Jun Jul Aug antkeeping.info
Camponotus americanus Apr May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus anthrax May antkeeping.info
Camponotus atriceps May Jun Jul Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus auriventris Apr antkeeping.info
Camponotus caryae Apr May antkeeping.info
Camponotus castaneus Mar Apr May Jun Jul antkeeping.info
Camponotus chromaiodes Mar Apr May Jun Jul antkeeping.info
Camponotus cingulatus May Jun Nov Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus claviscapus May Jun Jul Aug Sep Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus consobrinus Dec antkeeping.info
Camponotus cruentatus May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus curviscapus May Jun Jul Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus dalmaticus Apr May antkeeping.info
Camponotus decipiens May antkeeping.info
Camponotus essigi May antkeeping.info
Camponotus fallax May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus floridanus Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep antkeeping.info
Camponotus fragilis Jul Aug antkeeping.info
Camponotus herculeanus May Jun Jul Aibek &amp; Yamane (2009); antkeeping.info
Camponotus hyatti Mar Apr May antkeeping.info
Camponotus inaequalis Mar antkeeping.info as ''Camponotus tortuganus'' (March)
Camponotus japonicus May Jun Abe, 1973 Japan
Camponotus laevigatus Mar antkeeping.info
Camponotus laevissimus Apr May antkeeping.info
Camponotus lateralis Apr antkeeping.info
Camponotus ligniperda May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus modoc Apr May Jun Jul antkeeping.info Washington (May)
Camponotus mucronatus Jun Jul Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus nawai Aug Japan
Camponotus nearcticus Apr May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus nicobarensis Apr antkeeping.info
Camponotus novaeboracensis Apr May Jun Jul antkeeping.info Washington (May)
Camponotus novogranadensis Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus obscuripes May Jun Jul Aug in Japan, May to June in lowlands, and until August in the mountains
Camponotus ocreatus Mar Apr antkeeping.info
Camponotus pennsylvanicus Apr May Jun Jul
Camponotus piceus May Jun Jul antkeeping.info
Camponotus planatus May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus sanctaefidei May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Kaspari et al., 2001
Camponotus sansabeanus Mar Apr May antkeeping.info
Camponotus saxatilis Jul Aug Aibek &amp; Yamane (2009)
Camponotus semitestaceus Mar antkeeping.info
Camponotus sexguttatus Apr antkeeping.info
Camponotus socius May antkeeping.info
Camponotus subbarbatus Apr May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus substitutus Oct Nov antkeeping.info
Camponotus suffusus Mar antkeeping.info
Camponotus texanus Mar
Camponotus turkestanus Apr May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus vagus Apr May Jun antkeeping.info
Camponotus vicinus Mar Apr May Jun Jul antkeeping.info
Camponotus yamaokai May Japan
Camponotus yogi Sep antkeeping.info

Life History Traits

  • Mean colony size: 1000-100000+ (Greer et al., 2021)
  • Compound colony type: inquilinism (Greer et al., 2021)
  • Nest site: hypogaeic; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
  • Diet class: omnivore (Greer et al., 2021)
  • Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
  • Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)

Castes

Morphology

Worker Morphology

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• Antennal segment count: 12 • Antennal club: absent-gradual • Palp formula: 6,4; 5,4 • Total dental count: 4-9 • Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple; 1 simple-barbulate, 1 simple-pectinate; 1 simple-pectinate, 1 simple-pectinate; 0, 0 • Eyes: >100 ommatidia • Scrobes: absent • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: polymorphic • Sting: absent • Metaplural Gland: absent; present • Cocoon: present


Karyotype

Species Uncertain

  • Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) sp.: 2n = 40, karyotype = 4M+36A+13B (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2001) (variation observed for 2n=41-43 due B-chromsomes).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-1): n = 23, 2n = 46 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-2): n = 23 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-3): 2n = 48 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-5): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-8): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-9): 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-10): 2n = 46 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-11): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-12): 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-13): n = 10, 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-14): n = 19, 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 39 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985) (mentined as a result of Robertsonian polymorphism).
  • Camponotus sp.1: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Japan) (Imai & Kubota, 1972) ('Myrmamblys group).
  • Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
  • Camponotus sp.1: n = 19 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 40 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
  • Camponotus sp.2: 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
  • Camponotus sp.2: n = 20, 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.2: 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
  • Camponotus sp.3: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.4: n = 18, 2n = 36 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.5: n = 20, 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.6: 2n = 44 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.7: 2n = 32, karyotype = 10M+22A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.7: n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.8: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.8: 2n = 39 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 34 (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 35 (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.10: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. infuscus).
  • Camponotus sp.10: n = 13 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.10: n = 14 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.11: 2n = 52 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.12: 2n = 34, karyotype = 10M+24A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.12: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.13: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus: n = 26, 2n = 52 (USA) (Crozier, 1970b) ('C. impressus group).
  • Camponotus: 2n = 20 (Taiwan) (Hung et al., 1972) ('C. variegatus complex).
  • Camponotus: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Japan) (Imai, 1966; Imai & Yosida, 1964).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

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Taxon Haploid Diploid Karyotype Locality Source Notes
Camponotus 18 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 20 Sarawak Tjan et al., 1986
Camponotus 20 Taiwan Hung et al., 1972 'C. variegatus'' complex
Camponotus 20 20M India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. infuscus''
Camponotus 32 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 32 10M+22A India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 34 India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 34 10M+24A India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 35 India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 38 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 38 Indonesia Imai et al., 1985
Camponotus 38 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 38 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 39 Indonesia Imai et al., 1985 mentined as a result of Robertsonian polymorphism
Camponotus 39 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 40 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 40 Sarawak Tjan et al., 1986
Camponotus 40 4M+36A+13B Brazil Mariano et al., 2001 variation observed for 2n=41-43 due B-chromsomes
Camponotus 44 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 46 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 48 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 52 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 10 20 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 13 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 14 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 18 36 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 19 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 19 38 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 20 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 20 40 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 20 40 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 23 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 23 46 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 26 52 USA Crozier, 1970b 'C. impressus'' group
Camponotus 9 18 Japan Imai &amp; Kubota, 1972 'Myrmamblys'' group
Camponotus 9 18 Japan Imai, 1966; Imai &amp; Yosida, 1964
Camponotus aethiops 42 France; old Yugoslavia Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983
Camponotus alii 42 Spain Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus atriceps 20 40 4M+36A, 4SM+34ST+2A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001; Aguiar et al., 2017; Teixeira et al., 2020
Camponotus balzani 20 40 6M+34A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus barbatus taylori 24 24A India Imai et al., 1984 as ''Camponotus taylori''
Camponotus bonariensis 40 8M+32A Uruguay Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus cingulatus 20 40 4M+36A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001; Aguiar et al., 2017
Camponotus compressus 10 20 40 India; Tunisia Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983; Kumbkarni, 1965 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus consobrinus 23 46 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus crassisquamis 39 40 39A+1M; 40A India Imai et al., 1984 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states the presence of heteromorphic chromosome in 2n=39
Camponotus crassus 10 20 20M Brazil Aguiar et al., 2016; Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus cruentatus 18 20 12SM+5ST+3T Spain Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983; Lorite et al., 2002b
Camponotus dolendus 20 20M India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus femoratus 44 4ST+40T French Guiana Mariano et al., 2011
Camponotus festinus 19 38 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus foreli 17 34 Spain Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983
Camponotus japonicus 13 14 26 Japan Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai &amp; Kubota, 1972; Imai &amp; Yosida, 1964 In Imai et al. 1966 as ''Camponotus'' sp.; Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states that this karyotype could be a mistake
Camponotus kiusiuensis 28 Japan Imai &amp; Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1969; Imai, 1969
Camponotus lateralis 28 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1962
Camponotus ligniperda 14 28 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1961; Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983
Camponotus mitis 20 20M India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus mus 26 16SM+10A Uruguay Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus obscuripes 28 Japan Imai, 1969
Camponotus parius 40 40A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus pilicornis 50 Spain Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983
Camponotus punctulatus 40 2SM+2ST+36A Uruguay Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus renggeri 20 40 2SM + 17TS + 1T Brazil Aguiar et al., 2017; Vieira &amp; Santana, 2020
Camponotus rufipes 19 20 39 40 2SM+2ST+36A; 3M+36A; 4M+36A Brazil; Uruguay Aguiar et al., 2017; Goni et al., 1983; Mariano et al., 2001 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states the presence of heteromorphic chromosome in 2n=39
Camponotus rufoglaucus 18 Spain; Tunisia Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus sericeiventris 40 4M+36A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus sericeus 44 2M+42A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus sylvaticus 20 40 Greece; Spain Hauschteck-Jungen &amp; Jungen, 1983
Camponotus thraso 40 40A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus vagus 28 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1961
Camponotus variegatus 26 20M+6A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus vitiosus 9 18 Japan Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai &amp; Kubota, 1972 In Imai 1966a as ''Camponotus'' sp. and in Imai 1969 as ''C. caryae'' group sp. but the authors correct the identification by ''C. tokioensis'' and the current valid name is ''C. vitiosus''

Phylogeny

Formicinae
Myrmelachistini
Lasiini
Melophorini
Formicini
Gesomyrmecini

Gesomyrmex  (7 species, 12 fossil species)

Oecophyllini

Oecophylla  (15 species, 16 fossil species)

Plagiolepidini
Gigantiopini

Gigantiops  (1 species, 0 fossil species)

Santschiellini

Santschiella  (1 species, 0 fossil species)

Myrmoteratini

Myrmoteras  (41 species, 0 fossil species)

Camponotini

See Phylogeny of Formicinae for details.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • CAMPONOTUS [Formicinae: Camponotini]
    • Camponotus Mayr, 1861: 35. Type-species: Formica ligniperda, by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1903: 347.
    • [Type-species not Formica herculeana, unjustified subsequent designation by Forel, 1914a: 259, repeated in Arnold, 1922: 612.]
    • Camponotus (subgenus not given) senior synonym of †Shanwangella: Hong & Wu, 2000: 20.
    • Camponotus senior synonym of †Paleosminthurus: Snelling, R.R. (pers. comm., unpublished).
    • Subgenera of Camponotus (alphabetical order with synonyms indicated): nominal plus Colobopsis (= Campylomyrma, = Condylomyrma, = Dolophra), Dendromyrmex, Dinomyrmex (= Myrmogigas), Hypercolobopsis (= Neocolobopsis), Karavaievia, Manniella, Mayria (= Myrmosaga), Myrmacrhaphe, Myrmamblys, Myrmaphaenus (= Neomyrmamblys, = Paracolobopsis), Myrmentoma, Myrmepinotus, Myrmepomis (= Myrmolophus), Myrmespera, Myrmeurynota, Myrmisolepis, Myrmobrachys, Myrmocladoecus, Myrmodirachis, Myrmogonia, Myrmomalis, Myrmonesites (= Myrmensites), Myrmopalpella, Myrmopelta, Myrmophyma (= Myrmocamelus), Myrmopiromis, Myrmoplatypus, Myrmoplatys, Myrmopsamma, Myrmopytia, Myrmosaulus, Myrmosericus, Myrmosphincta, Myrmostenus, Myrmotarsus, Myrmothrix, Myrmotrema, Myrmoxygenys, Orthonotomyrmex (= Orthonotus (junior homonym), Paramyrmamblys, Pseudocolobopsis, Rhinomyrmex, Tanaemyrmex (= Myrmoturba), Thlipsepinotus.
    • [All subgenera were given as provisional junior synonyms of Camponotus by Brown, 1973b: 179-185. The list was repeated in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 18 with all subgenera listed as junior synonyms. They reverted to subgeneric status in Bolton, 1994: 50; see under individual entries. The entry of Myrmophyma and Thlipsepinotus under the synonymy of Camponotus by Taylor & Brown, D.R. 1985: 109, is not accepted as confirmation as not all taxa were included.]
  • DOLOPHRA [junior synonym of Camponotus]
    • Dolophra Wu, J. & Wang, 1994: 35. Type-species: Dolophra politae, by original designation.
    • Dolophra junior synonym of Camponotus: Bolton, 1995b: 27.
    • Dolophra junior synonym of Camponotus (Colobopsis): Bolton, 2003: 113, 268.
    • Dolophra junior synonym of Camponotus: Ward & Boudinot, 2021: 44.
  • PALEOSMINTHURUS [junior synonym of Camponotus]
    • Paleosminthurus Pierce & Gibron, 1962: 146. Type-species: †Paleosminthurus juliae (junior synonym of Formica festinata) [Snelling, R.R. pers. com., unpublished], by monotypy [in order Collembola].
    • Paleosminthurus incertae sedis in Formicidae: Najt, 1987: 152; Bolton, 2003: 76.
    • Paleosminthurus junior synonym of Camponotus: Snelling, R.R. (pers. comm., unpublished).
  • SHANWANGELLA [junior synonym of Camponotus]
    • Shanwangella Zhang, J. 1989: 307. Type-species: †Shanwangella palaeoptera, by original designation.
    • Shanwangella junior synonym of Camponotus: Hong & Wu, 2000: 20.

Common Names for Camponotus Subgenera

A mnemonic list of common names for the subgenera of Camponotus may be found here.

Subgenus Camponotus

True Carpenter Ants

Diagnosis of subgenus: Emery (1925) - "Worker and queen. - Large species; caste polymorphism and other characteristics as in the subgenus Tanaemyrmex, except for the following differences: Head of minors Alpha-form (see Tanaemyrmex for head shape classification), but head generally shorter and posterior head margin straighter; head of major worker much less enlarged and less emarginate posteriorly; head of queens similar to those of majors. Clypeus lacking medial carina nor usually with anterior lobe, although weakly-produced and more-or-less rectangular (C. japonicus, Mayr) or rounded (C. sansabeanus, Buckley) lobe may be present [note: C. sansabeanus is currently classified as Tanaemyrmex]; anterior margin of clypeus entire, lacking medial notch. Mandibles strongly arched, usually with 4 or 5 teeth, sometimes with 6. Mesosomal dorsum arched, always continuous in profile; pronotal dorsum rounded or sometimes depressed in majors, with slightly prominent humeri. Male. - Caracteres of Tanaemyrmex.

Note that the subgenera Camponotus, Tanaemyrmex, Myrmosericus, and Myrmothrix constitute a group: they are separated by characters of little importance and often offer transitions from one group to another.

Geographical distribution of species. - Holarctic region, except Mediterranean Africa; C. punctatissimus, Emery, is found in the north of Indomalaya."

(Translated and edited by B. E. Boudinot, 15 February 2017.)

Taxonomic History of Camponotus

The taxonomic history of Camponotus may be divided into four phases, or eras, based on the kind of work published during these time periods.


Phase I ("Archaic Era")

1861–1896 (Beginning: Mayr 1861; end: Emery 1896).

The beginning of subgeneric work on Camponotus started with Mayr's (1861) key to the European ant fauna, wherein he recognized the cork-head ants, Colobopsis, as a distinct genus for the first time. Most of the work during this period was regional in nature, treating Europe, the Mediterranean, Madagascar, Russia, India, Sri Lanka, and North America. Only one explicit subgenus, Mayria was designated, while two taxa currently treated as subgenera were described: the American weaving ants, Dendromyrmex, and big-nose carpenter ants, Rhinomyrmex. In 1896, Emery proposed the first global, synoptic classification of Camponotus; previously no higher classification was in place, excepting recognition Mayria. In this work, all of the groups Emery distinguished were treated informally. Specifically, Emery recognized three principal groups (cohorts), which he divided into 26 subgroups which he termed manipoli. This work marked the beginning of the second phase of higher classification within Camponotus, wherein formal treatments of these groups were published.


Phase II ("Classical Era")

1896–1928 (First classificatory publication of era for Camponotus: Emery, 1898; last: Santschi, 1928).

In addition to the continuation of global exploration marked by regional works (South America, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Palearctic [numerous], North America, Afrotropics [particularly South Africa], and the Malagasy region), this period is distinguished by greater focus on the subgenera, with Forel (1914), Emery (1920), Wheeler (1922), Santschi (1921), and Arnold (1922) expanding upon and refining Emery's system. In 1912, Forel formalized the Emery's (1896) higher classification by recognizing 16 subgenera, but without designating types. Wheeler (1913) sought to correct this by explicitly designating type species, but unfortunately this work was overlooked when Forel (1914) redundantly designated type specimens for his subgenera. This error of omission was replicated by Emery (1920), wherein he revised his initial classification, recognizing a total of 34 subgenera, as well as excluding Phasmomyrmex and species belonging to Notostigma (Melophorini), which he described as new. Wheeler (1921) put the nail in the coffin for the issue of confusion over subgeneric type species in a pointedly titled article, Professor Emery's subgenera of the genus Camponotus Mayr. The capstone to this second phase was Emery' (1925) final ,monumental contribution to Wytsmann's Genera Insectorum, which is still the most significant work on the internal classification of Camponotus to date. In this work, Emery synthesized all previous taxonomic works on Camponotus, particularly those of Forel and Wheeler, revised the delimitation of all subgenera, including subgroups, and provided keys to and diagnoses of all subgenera, all of which amounted to an effort which has not been matched. Moreover, Emery proposed his final phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus (see Emery's Phylogenetic Hypothesis below), which is distinguished from hypotheses he proposed for other groups by the strong biogeographic structure he postulated for the group. In 1926 and 1928, Santschi published the final two works formally altering Emery's (1925) system; both of these works were minor acts of splitting, and neither revised Emery's keys.


Phase III ("Modern Era")

1928–2006 (Beginning: Santschi, 1928; end: Moreau et al. and Brady et al. 2006)

After Emery (1925) and Santschi (1926, 1928), no further works were published which formally modified the subgeneric system of Camponotus until the fourth era of the internal classification of the genus (see Phase IV below). For almost 90 years, there has been, effectively, no major attempt to understand the diversity of Camponotus globally, with the major publications of the era for the genus being regional catalogs (Kempf 1972 Neotropics (followed by Brandao’s update in 1991), Taylor & Brown 1985 Australia (followed by Shattuck 1999), and Bolton’s 1995 global catalog). Virtually all of the taxonomic work on Camponotus during this time were regional, which in sum span the globe, but with global revisions restricted to minor groups of species (i.e., the groups or complexes of herculeanus, nigriceps, fulvopilosus, weiderkehri, and perjerus), as well as regionally-restricted and well-defined or easily-recognizable subgenera (e.g., Dendromyrmex, Karavaievia, Myrmentoma, Myrmostenus, Myrmothrix). In the late ‘90s and early 2000’s, Shattuck and McArthur treated a number Australian groups which they recognized morphologically but in which they disregarded the subgeneric classification. The end of this era is marked by the first global phylogenies of the Formicidae based on molecular data, published by Moreau et al. (2006) and Brady et al. (2006).


Phase IV ("Molecular Era")

2006–present.

The current era of classification, with respect to Camponotus, is nascent. Blaimer et al. (2015) published two phylogenies of the Formicinae using “traditional” Sanger sequencing and “next-gen” Illumina sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs). This work was followed shortly by a formal reclassification of the subfamily by Ward et al. (2016), in which a number of taxonomic changes were made to relieve Camponotus and particular subgenera of paraphyly (i.e., Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex revived status as genera, Myrmogonia synonymized with Colobopsis, Phasmomyrmex made subgenus of Camponotus).Bill MacKay is still working on his revision of Camponotus of the Americas, and at present, no major phylogenetic work is underway for Camponotus, beyond refining the placement of species belonging to Colobopsis.


(Section by B. E. Boudinot, 19 February 2017.)

Emery's Phylogenetic Hypothesis for Camponotus

In Emery's (1925) treatment of Camponotus in Genera Insectorum, he proposed a final, revised hypothesis of the internal relationships of the genus; an earlier version was published in Emery (1920). An important facet of this hypothesis, translated from p. 61, is Emery's "opinion that Camponotus underwent independent evolution in the Old and New Worlds". Emery postulated seven genus groups within Camponotus, with explicit morphologically-transitional lineages. These groups are indicated below:

Emery's original (1925) phylogenetic diagram.

Group I: Myrmopiromis

(Afrotropical and Malagasy regions, a few species from India)

1. Myrmopiromis

2. Myrmotrema

3. Myrmisolepis

4. Orthonotomyrmex

5. Myrmepinotus


Group II: Myrmosaulus

(Malaysia, Australia, Madagascar)

1. Myrmosaulus


Group III: Myrmamblys

Myrmopsamma subgroup (Africa)

1. Myrmopsamma

Karavaievia subgroup (Indomalaya, etc.)

1. Karavaievia

2. Myrmotarsus

3. Myrmoplatys

Mayria subgroup (Afrotropical, Malagasy)

1. Mayria

2. Myrmonesites

3. Myrmopytia

Miscellaneous subgroup

1. Myrmentoma

2. Colobopsis [note: revived status as genus, Ward et al. (2015)]

3. Myrmogonia [note: synonymized with Colobopsis, Ward et al. (2015)]

Subgroup transitional to Myrmaphaenus via Tanaemyrmex

1. Myrmamblys (Old World) [note: split into Myrmespera, Myrmopelta, Myrmotemnus, Paramyrmamblys, and Myrmamblys sensu stricto by Santschi (1926).]

2. Myrmophyma [note: split into Thlipsepinotus and Myrmophyma sensu stricto by Santschi (1928).


Group IV: Tanaemyrmex

(Cosmopolitan)

1. Tanaemyrmex [note: Emery's species groups may be particularly useful for understanding, and dividing, this probably "plesiotypic" taxon]


Group V: Myrmoxygenys group

(Transitional between Myrmamblys and Myrmaphaenus groups via Tanaemyrmex)

1. Myrmoxygenys (Afrotropics)

2. Dinomyrmex (Malaysia) [note: revived status as genus, Ward et al. (2015)]

3. Myrmosericus (Afrotropics, India)

4. Myrmothrix (Neotropics)


Group VI: Myrmaphaenus

Subgroup transitional to Myrmamblys group via Tanaemyrmex

1. Camponotus (Holarctic) (sensu lato, including Nearctic Tanaemyrmex and caryae and lateralis groups of Myrmentoma, in part.

2. Myrmaphaenus (New World)

Neotropical subgroup, transitional to Myrmobrachys group

1. Pseudocolobopsis

2. Myrmostenus

3. Hypercolobopsis

4. Manniella

5. Myrmosphincta


Group VII: Myrmobrachys

Subgroup transitional to Myrmaphaenus group

1. Myrmobrachys

2. Myrmocladoecus

3. Myrmomalis

4. Myrmeurynota

5. Myrmodirachis

6. Myrmoplatypus

7. Myrmepomis


(Section by B. E. Boudinot, 19 February 2017.)

References