Camponotus

AntWiki: The Ants --- Online
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Camponotus
Temporal range: 53–0 Ma Ypresian, Early Eocene – Recent
Camponotus ligniperda
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Camponotus
Mayr, 1861
Type species
Formica ligniperda, now Camponotus ligniperda
Subgenera
Diversity
1,499 species
30 fossil species
(Species Checklist, Species by Country)

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 profile 1.jpg

Camponotus ligniperda

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms
Evolutionary Relationships


Gigantiops
  (1 species)



Santschiella
  (1 species)





Myrmoteras
  (41 species)


Camponotini

Colobopsis
  (118 species)




Opisthopsis
  (20 species)




Dinomyrmex
  (2 species)




Polyrhachis
  (784 species)




Camponotus
  (1,499 species)




Calomyrmex
  (14 species)



Echinopla
  (39 species)









Based on Ward et al. 2016.

Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - Camponotus is an extremely large and complex, globally distributed genus. At present, more than 1000 species and nearly 500 subspecies belonging to 45 subgenera are described (Bolton, 2012) and it could well be the largest ant genus of all. The enormous species richness, high levels of intraspecific and geographic variation and polymorphism render the taxonomy of Camponotus one of the most complex and difficult. Revisionary studies on Camponotus are generally confined to species groups and/or small geographical regions (e.g. Robertson & Zachariades, 1997; Snelling, 2006; McArthur, 2007; Shattuck & Janda, 2009). These ants live in a variety of habitats and microhabitats and the sheer size of the genus makes any characterisation of their biology challenging. Nests are built in the ground, in rotten branches or twigs, or rarely into living wood (Bolton, 1973a) and most species possess a highly generalistic diet.

Recently, Blaimer et al. (2015) found that Camponotus is paraphyletic with respect to Phasmomyrmex and Forelophilus, and that Colobopsis is sister to the remainder of the Camponotini while Dinomyrmex is nested outside of Camponotus. For this reason, Ward et al. (2016) revised the generic delimitation of the Camponotini (see the individual generic pages for additional information).


Photo Gallery

  • Camponotus Shattuck 53201 Danum Valley Sabah-web.jpg
  • Camponotus Shattuck 54238 Danum Valley Sabah-web.jpg
  • Camponotus pennsylvanicus feeding on a droplet of honey.
  • Shattuck C16190-web, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg
  • Camponotus Shattuck 54662 Danum Valley Sabah-web.jpg
  • A queen from Dominican amber.
  • Mermithid nematode exposed in the gaster of Camponotus sp. from the Sierra Nevada, California (Poinar, 2012, Fig. 2).

Identification

Camponotus is a hyperdiverse genus (> 1,000 species, > 400 subspecies) that is rife with taxonomic problems and puzzles. Various subgenera, complexes, and informal groupings have either been defined in taxonomic publications or have been informally recognized. All of this sorting of species at the level between the genus and species level is an attempt to introduce some order to the genus and/or allow for a more workable framework for understanding Camponotus diversity within a particular region. The Camponotus species groups page provides links to some of the Antwiki pages that include Camponotus species groupings and information. See, particularly, Emery's (1925) keys to the subgenera of Camponotus, as well as related pages linked therein.

Note that female "Camponotus" are usually distinguishable from "Colobopsis" by their antennal sockets, which are placed in the anterior half of the frontal carinae (see the Colobopsis taxon account for more detail).

AntWeb icon 02.png See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus

Keys to Species in this Genus

Emery's keys to the subgenera from Genera Insectorum

Emery's (1925) key to subgenera from Genera Insectorum

Species Groups

Distribution

Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Aix-en-Provence, France (Late Oligocene), Baltic amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Barstow Formation, California, United States (Burdigalian to Langhian, Early to Middle Miocene), Bembridge Marls, Isle of Wight, UK (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Brunn-Vösendorf, Austria (Late Miocene), Brunstatt, Haut-Rhin, France (Early Oligocene), Danish-Scandinavian amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Decín, Czech Republic (Early Miocene), Florissant, Colorado, United States (Late Eocene), Fushun amber, Liaoning, China (Ypresian, Early Eocene), Green River Formation, Colorado, United States (Lutetian, Middle Eocene), Joursac, Auvergne, France (Late Miocene), Montagne d'Andance, Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche, France (Early Turolian, Late Miocene), Oeningen, Switzerland (Messinian, Late Miocene), Radoboj, Croatia (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Rovno amber (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Shanwang, China (Early Miocene).

Biology

Nests

There is great diversity of nest architecture: in ground, in dead wood, or structures constructed outside tree trunks and branches using carton (rigid material composed of masticated and moistened plant fibres) or silk.


Species belonging to three subgenera (Karavaievia in Asia; Dendromyrmex and Myrmobrachys in South America) use last-instar larvae to weave their nests, and incorporate sand particles, detritus and bits of plants into the silk sheet (e.g. Camponotus texens and Camponotus gombaki; Maschwitz et al. 1985). See also Camponotus nitidior, Camponotus chartifex, Camponotus senex

A twig-nesting species from Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

Shattuck C16190-web, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg Shattuck C16415-1, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg Shattuck C16458-1, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg Shattuck C16469-1, ANIC32-030620, Camponotus, Cairns, Qld.jpg

Association with Other Organisms

Species Uncertain

Coleoptera

Unknown species of Camponotus are prey for the tiger beetles Cicindela limbalis and Cicindela scutellaris lecontei in the United States (Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020).

Hymenoptera

Unspecified species within this genus are hosts for the following parasitic wasps (Universal Chalcidoidea Database):

Wasp Family Wasp Species Relationship
Encyrtidae Arketypon vaderi associate
Eucharitidae Ancylotropus manipurensis primary host
Eucharitidae Lophyrocera variabilis primary host
Eucharitidae Mateucharis rugulosa primary host
Eucharitidae Pseudochalcura gibbosa primary host
Eucharitidae Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea associate
Eucharitidae Rhipipalloidea sp. primary host
Eucharitidae Rhipipalloidea madangensis primary host
Eucharitidae Stilbula cyniformis primary host
Eucharitidae Stilbuloida doddi primary host
Eucharitidae Zulucharis campbelli primary host
Eulophidae Horismenus microdonophagus associate
Eulophidae Horismenus myrmecophagus primary host
Eurytomidae Camponotophilus delvarei associate
Orthoptera

An unknown species of Camponotus is a host for the cricket Myrmecophilus arboreus in New Guinea.

Fungi

Unknown species of Camponotus are hosts for the fungi Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae, Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii, Ophiocordyceps rami and Ophiocordyceps septa (Araujo et al., 2018), and Ophiocordyceps irangiensis, Ophiocordyceps japonensis, Ophiocordyceps lloydii var. binata (Shrestha et al., 2017), and Torrubiella formicarum (in Ghana; Samson, et al., 1989).

All Associate Records for Genus

Explore Associate Data: All, Drilldown
Click here to show/hide associate data.
Taxon Relationship Associate Type Associate Taxon Associate Relationship Locality Source Notes
Camponotus host cricket Myrmecophilus arboreus myrmecophile New Guinea
Camponotus host encyrtid wasp Arketypon vaderi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Ancylotropus manipurensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Lophyrocera variabilis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Mateucharis rugulosa parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura gibbosa parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea madangensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Rhipipalloidea sp. parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Stilbuloida doddi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eucharitid wasp Zulucharis campbelli parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eulophid wasp Horismenus microdonophagus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host eulophid wasp Horismenus myrmecophagus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus host eurytomid wasp Camponotophilus delvarei parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps irangiensis pathogen Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps japonensis pathogen Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii var. binata pathogen Asia, North and South America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps rami pathogen Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Ophiocordyceps septa pathogen Shrestha et al. 2017; Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus host fungus Torrubiella formicarum pathogen Ghana Samson, et al., 1989
Camponotus prey tiger beetle Cicindela limbalis predator United States Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Camponotus prey tiger beetle Cicindela scutellaris lecontei predator United States Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Camponotus aberrans host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Africa Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus acvapimensis host encyrtid wasp Anagyrus lopezi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus aethiops host ant Camponotus ruseni inquiline Karaman, 2012
Camponotus aethiops host ant Camponotus universitatis inquiline Tinaut et al., 1992; Guillem et al., 2014
Camponotus aethiops host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus aethiops host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus aethiops host nematode Camponotimermis bifidus parasite Ipateva et al., 1990
Camponotus aethiops host nematode Comanimermis clujensis parasite Coman, 1953
Camponotus aethiops mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus americanus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen North America Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus angusticollis prey tiger beetle Cicindela whithilli predator Western Ghats, India Sinu et al., 2006
Camponotus atriceps host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon fulgens predator Florida, Georgia (type), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas Wiedemann, 1830
Camponotus atriceps host eucharitid wasp Obeza floridana parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus atriceps host eulophid wasp Horismenus floridensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis pathogen South America Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017; Sobczak et al., 2017
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps lloydii pathogen Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus atriceps host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen North and South America Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus baldaccii host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus balzani host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani pathogen Brazil Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus bispinosus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-bispinosi pathogen South America Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus brutus host encyrtid wasp Ooencyrtus sp. parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus brutus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus buchneri host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus castaneus host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus castaneus host fungus Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus castaneus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis sensu lato pathogen Mangold et al., 2019
Camponotus castaneus host nematode Rabbium paradoxus parasite Florida Poinar et al., 1989
Camponotus chartifex host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-chartificis pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus chromaiodes host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus compressus host chalcid wasp Epitranus chilkaensis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus compressus mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus crassus host strepsipteran Stichotrema beckeri parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus cruentatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps halabalaensis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus cruentatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps ridleyi pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus cruentatus mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus cruentatus mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus fallax mutualist butterfly Polyommatus celina Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus femoratus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-femorati pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus flavomarginatus host encyrtid wasp Anagyrus lopezi parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus floridanus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus foreli mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus herculeanus host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Oregon, Montana, Washington (type) Knab, 1917
Camponotus herculeanus host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus herculeanus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus herculeanus host nematode Oscheius dolichurus parasite Ontario Nickle & Ayre, 1966
Camponotus hippocrepis host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-hippocrepidis pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus indianus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani pathogen Araujo et al., 2018; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus japonicus host ant Polyrhachis lamellidens temporary parasite Kohriba, 1963
Camponotus japonicus host butterfly Lampides argyrognomon myrmecophile Mizuno et al., 2018
Camponotus japonicus host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus kiusiuensis host ant Polyrhachis lamellidens temporary parasite Sakai, 1990 needs confirmation
Camponotus laevissimus host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Oregon, Montana, Washington (type) Knab, 1917
Camponotus ligniperda host fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila pathogen based on a photo by Michal Kukla, fungal identification by João Araújo
Camponotus ligniperda host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus maculatus host eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus melanoticus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici pathogen Brazil Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus mitis host cricket Myrmecophilus albicinctus Myrmecophilus India
Camponotus modoc host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon albicomatus predator Idaho (type), Washington Novak, 1977
Camponotus modoc host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon piperi predator Oregon, Montana, Washington (type) Knab, 1917
Camponotus nidulans host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-nidulantis pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus novaeboracensis host cricket Myrmecophilus pergandei myrmecophile United States
Camponotus novaeboracensis host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura gibbosa parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus novogranadensis host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis pathogen Brazil Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus nylanderi host aphelinid wasp Aphytis melinus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus nylanderi host encyrtid wasp Leptomastix dactylopii parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus obscuripes host ant Polyrhachis lamellidens temporary parasite Sakai, 1990
Camponotus obscuripes host fungus Ophiocordyceps formicarum pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus obscuripes host fungus Ophiocordyceps pulvinata pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus obscuripes host fungus Ophiocordyceps sessilis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus paradoxus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus parius prey tiger beetle Cicindela duponti predator Western Ghats, India Sinu et al., 2006
Camponotus pennsylvanicus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus piceus host fungus Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus piceus mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus pilicornis host ant Camponotus universitatis inquiline Tinaut et al., 1992; Guillem et al., 2014
Camponotus pilicornis host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus pilicornis mutualist butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus pilicornis mutualist butterfly Tomares ballus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus planatus host eucharitid wasp Pseudochalcura sculpturata parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus planatus host strepsipteran Caenocholax fenyesi parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus punctatissimus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Taiwan Lin et al., 2020 identification of host needs confirmation
Camponotus punctulatus cruentus host strepsipteran Caenocholax fenyesi parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus punctulatus cruentus host strepsipteran Myrmecolax ogloblini parasite Cook, 2019 reported as "''Camponotus punctulatus cruentatus'' Forel"
Camponotus punctulatus cruentus host strepsipteran Stichotrema beckeri parasite Cook, 2019
Camponotus renggeri host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-renggeri pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus rufipes host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis pathogen Brazil Andersen et al., 2012; Araujo et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2011; Loreto et al., 2014; Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus rufoglaucus host cricket Myrmophilellus meneliki myrmecophile Ethiopia Reichensperger, 1913
Camponotus ruseni inquiline ant Camponotus aethiops Karaman, 2012
Camponotus sanctaefidei leonhardi host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus sericeiventris host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Camponotus sexguttatus host fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-sexguttati pathogen Araujo et al., 2018
Camponotus sylvaticus host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus sylvaticus mutualist butterfly Lampides boeticus Obregon et al. 2015
Camponotus universitatis host fungus Laboulbenia camponoti pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Camponotus universitatis inquiline ant Camponotus aethiops Tinaut et al., 1992
Camponotus universitatis inquiline ant Camponotus pilicornis Tinaut et al., 1992
Camponotus vicinus host cricket Myrmecophilus manni myrmecophile Mexico, United States
Camponotus vicinus host nematode Formicitylenchus oregonensis parasite Oregon, USA Poinar, 2003
Camponotus vividus host fungus Ophiocordyceps unilaterialis pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017

Castes

Morphology

Worker Morphology

  • Antennal segment count: 12
  • Antennal club: absent-gradual
  • Palp formula: 6,4; 5,4
  • Total dental count: 4-9
  • Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple; 1 simple-barbulate, 1 simple-pectinate; 1 simple-pectinate, 1 simple-pectinate; 0, 0
  • Eyes: present
  • Scrobes: absent
  • Caste: polymorphic
  • Sting: absent

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

  • Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) sp.: 2n = 40, karyotype = 4M+36A+13B (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2001) (variation observed for 2n=41-43 due B-chromsomes).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-1): n = 23, 2n = 46 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-2): n = 23 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-3): 2n = 48 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-5): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-8): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-9): 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-10): 2n = 46 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-11): 2n = 32 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-12): 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-13): n = 10, 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.(ANIC-14): n = 19, 2n = 38 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977).
  • Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 39 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985) (mentined as a result of Robertsonian polymorphism).
  • Camponotus sp.1: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Japan) (Imai & Kubota, 1972) ('Myrmamblys group).
  • Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
  • Camponotus sp.1: n = 19 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.1: 2n = 40 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
  • Camponotus sp.2: 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985).
  • Camponotus sp.2: n = 20, 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.2: 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
  • Camponotus sp.3: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.4: n = 18, 2n = 36 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.5: n = 20, 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.6: 2n = 44 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
  • Camponotus sp.7: 2n = 32, karyotype = 10M+22A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.7: n = 20 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.8: 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.8: 2n = 39 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 34 (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 35 (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.9: 2n = 40 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.10: 2n = 20, karyotype = 20M (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. infuscus).
  • Camponotus sp.10: n = 13 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.10: n = 14 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.11: 2n = 52 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.12: 2n = 34, karyotype = 10M+24A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (near C. variegatus).
  • Camponotus sp.12: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus sp.13: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Imai et al., 1983).
  • Camponotus: n = 26, 2n = 52 (USA) (Crozier, 1970b) ('C. impressus group).
  • Camponotus: 2n = 20 (Taiwan) (Hung et al., 1972) ('C. variegatus complex).
  • Camponotus: n = 9, 2n = 18 (Japan) (Imai, 1966; Imai & Yosida, 1964).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

Explore Data: All, Drilldown
Click here to show/hide karyotype data.
Taxon Haploid Diploid Karyotype Locality Source Notes
Camponotus 18 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 20 Sarawak Tjan et al., 1986
Camponotus 20 Taiwan Hung et al., 1972 'C. variegatus'' complex
Camponotus 20 20M India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. infuscus''
Camponotus 32 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 32 10M+22A India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 34 India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 34 10M+24A India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 35 India Imai et al., 1984 near ''C. variegatus''
Camponotus 38 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 38 Indonesia Imai et al., 1985
Camponotus 38 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 38 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 39 Indonesia Imai et al., 1985 mentined as a result of Robertsonian polymorphism
Camponotus 39 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 40 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 40 Sarawak Tjan et al., 1986
Camponotus 40 4M+36A+13B Brazil Mariano et al., 2001 variation observed for 2n=41-43 due B-chromsomes
Camponotus 44 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 46 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 48 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 52 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 10 20 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 13 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 14 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 18 36 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 19 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 19 38 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 20 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 20 40 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus 20 40 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Camponotus 23 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 23 46 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus 26 52 USA Crozier, 1970b 'C. impressus'' group
Camponotus 9 18 Japan Imai & Kubota, 1972 'Myrmamblys'' group
Camponotus 9 18 Japan Imai, 1966; Imai & Yosida, 1964
Camponotus aethiops 42 France; old Yugoslavia Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus alii 42 Spain Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus atriceps 20 40 4M+36A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus balzani 20 40 6M+34A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus barbatus taylori 24 24A India Imai et al., 1984 as ''Camponotus taylori''
Camponotus bonariensis 40 8M+32A Uruguay Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus cingulatus 40 4M+36A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus compressus 10 • 20 40 India; Tunisia Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983; Kumbkarni, 1965 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus consobrinus 23 46 Australia Imai et al., 1977
Camponotus crassisquamis 39 • 40 39A+1M; 40A India Imai et al., 1984 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states the presence of heteromorphic chromosome in 2n=39
Camponotus crassus 10 20 20M Brazil Aguiar et al., 2016; Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus cruentatus 18 • 20 12SM+5ST+3T Spain Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983; Lorite et al., 2002b
Camponotus dolendus 20 20M India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus femoratus 44 4ST+40T French Guiana Mariano et al., 2011
Camponotus festinus 19 38 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Camponotus foreli 17 34 Spain Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus japonicus 13 • 14 26 Japan Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Kubota, 1972; Imai & Yosida, 1964 In Imai et al. 1966 as ''Camponotus'' sp.; Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states that this karyotype could be a mistake
Camponotus kiusiuensis 28 Japan Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1969; Imai, 1969
Camponotus lateralis 28 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1962
Camponotus ligniperda 14 28 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1961; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus mitis 20 20M India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus mus 26 16SM+10A Uruguay Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus obscuripes 28 Japan Imai, 1969
Camponotus parius 40 40A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus pilicornis 50 Spain Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus punctulatus 40 2SM+2ST+36A Uruguay Goni et al., 1983
Camponotus renggeri 40 Brazil Aguiar et al., 2016
Camponotus rufipes 20 39 • 40 2SM+2ST+36A; 3M+36A; 4M+36A Brazil; Uruguay Aguiar et al., 2016; Goni et al., 1983; Mariano et al., 2001 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states the presence of heteromorphic chromosome in 2n=39
Camponotus rufoglaucus 18 Spain; Tunisia Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 Lorite and Palomeque 2010 states some issues about the identification/sampling location
Camponotus sericeiventris 40 4M+36A Brazil Mariano et al., 2001
Camponotus sericeus 44 2M+42A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus sylvaticus 20 40 Greece; Spain Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Camponotus thraso 40 40A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus vagus 28 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1961
Camponotus variegatus 26 20M+6A India Imai et al., 1984
Camponotus vitiosus 9 18 Japan Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Kubota, 1972 In Imai 1966a as ''Camponotus'' sp. and in Imai 1969 as ''C. caryae'' group sp. but the authors correct the identification by ''C. tokioensis'' and the current valid name is ''C. vitiosus''

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • CAMPONOTUS [Formicinae: Camponotini]
    • Camponotus Mayr, 1861: 35. Type-species: Formica ligniperda, by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1903: 347.
    • [Type-species not Formica herculeana, unjustified subsequent designation by Forel, 1914a: 259, repeated in Arnold, 1922: 612.]
    • Camponotus (subgenus not given) senior synonym of †Shanwangella: Hong & Wu, 2000: 20.
    • Camponotus senior synonym of †Paleosminthurus: Snelling, R.R. (pers. comm., unpublished).
    • Subgenera of Camponotus (alphabetical order with synonyms indicated): nominal plus Colobopsis (= Campylomyrma, = Condylomyrma, = Dolophra), Dendromyrmex, Dinomyrmex (= Myrmogigas), Hypercolobopsis (= Neocolobopsis), Karavaievia, Manniella, Mayria (= Myrmosaga), Myrmacrhaphe, Myrmamblys, Myrmaphaenus (= Neomyrmamblys, = Paracolobopsis), Myrmentoma, Myrmepinotus, Myrmepomis (= Myrmolophus), Myrmespera, Myrmeurynota, Myrmisolepis, Myrmobrachys, Myrmocladoecus, Myrmodirachis, Myrmogonia, Myrmomalis, Myrmonesites (= Myrmensites), Myrmopalpella, Myrmopelta, Myrmophyma (= Myrmocamelus), Myrmopiromis, Myrmoplatypus, Myrmoplatys, Myrmopsamma, Myrmopytia, Myrmosaulus, Myrmosericus, Myrmosphincta, Myrmostenus, Myrmotarsus, Myrmotemnus, Myrmothrix, Myrmotrema, Myrmoxygenys, Orthonotomyrmex (= Orthonotus (junior homonym), Paramyrmamblys, Pseudocolobopsis, Rhinomyrmex, Tanaemyrmex (= Myrmoturba), Thlipsepinotus.
    • [All subgenera were given as provisional junior synonyms of Camponotus by Brown, 1973b: 179-185. The list was repeated in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 18 with all subgenera listed as junior synonyms. They reverted to subgeneric status in Bolton, 1994: 50; see under individual entries. The entry of Myrmophyma and Thlipsepinotus under the synonymy of Camponotus by Taylor & Brown, D.R. 1985: 109, is not accepted as confirmation as not all taxa were included.]
  • †PALEOSMINTHURUS [junior synonym of Camponotus]
    • †Paleosminthurus Pierce & Gibron, 1962: 146. Type-species: †Paleosminthurus juliae (junior synonym of Formica festinata) [Snelling, R.R. pers. com., unpublished], by monotypy [in order Collembola].
    • †Paleosminthurus incertae sedis in Formicidae: Najt, 1987: 152; Bolton, 2003: 76.
    • †Paleosminthurus junior synonym of Camponotus: Snelling, R.R. (pers. comm., unpublished).
  • †SHANWANGELLA [junior synonym of Camponotus]
    • †Shanwangella Zhang, J. 1989: 307. Type-species: †Shanwangella palaeoptera, by original designation.
    • †Shanwangella junior synonym of Camponotus: Hong & Wu, 2000: 20.

Common Names for Camponotus Subgenera

A mnemonic list of common names for the subgenera of Camponotus may be found here.

Subgenus Camponotus

True Carpenter Ants

Diagnosis of subgenus: Emery (1925) - "Worker and queen. - Large species; caste polymorphism and other characteristics as in the subgenus Tanaemyrmex, except for the following differences: Head of minors Alpha-form (see Tanaemyrmex for head shape classification), but head generally shorter and posterior head margin straighter; head of major worker much less enlarged and less emarginate posteriorly; head of queens similar to those of majors. Clypeus lacking medial carina nor usually with anterior lobe, although weakly-produced and more-or-less rectangular (C. japonicus, Mayr) or rounded (C. sansabeanus, Buckley) lobe may be present [note: C. sansabeanus is currently classified as Tanaemyrmex]; anterior margin of clypeus entire, lacking medial notch. Mandibles strongly arched, usually with 4 or 5 teeth, sometimes with 6. Mesosomal dorsum arched, always continuous in profile; pronotal dorsum rounded or sometimes depressed in majors, with slightly prominent humeri. Male. - Caracteres of Tanaemyrmex.

Note that the subgenera Camponotus, Tanaemyrmex, Myrmosericus, and Myrmothrix constitute a group: they are separated by characters of little importance and often offer transitions from one group to another.

Geographical distribution of species. - Holarctic region, except Mediterranean Africa; C. punctatissimus, Emery, is found in the north of Indomalaya."

(Translated and edited by B. E. Boudinot, 15 February 2017.)

Taxonomic History of Camponotus

The taxonomic history of Camponotus may be divided into four phases, or eras, based on the kind of work published during these time periods.


Phase I ("Archaic Era")

1861–1896 (Beginning: Mayr 1861; end: Emery 1896).

The beginning of subgeneric work on Camponotus started with Mayr's (1861) key to the European ant fauna, wherein he recognized the cork-head ants, Colobopsis, as a distinct genus for the first time. Most of the work during this period was regional in nature, treating Europe, the Mediterranean, Madagascar, Russia, India, Sri Lanka, and North America. Only one explicit subgenus, Mayria was designated, while two taxa currently treated as subgenera were described: the American weaving ants, Dendromyrmex, and big-nose carpenter ants, Rhinomyrmex. In 1896, Emery proposed the first global, synoptic classification of Camponotus; previously no higher classification was in place, excepting recognition Mayria. In this work, all of the groups Emery distinguished were treated informally. Specifically, Emery recognized three principal groups (cohorts), which he divided into 26 subgroups which he termed manipoli. This work marked the beginning of the second phase of higher classification within Camponotus, wherein formal treatments of these groups were published.


Phase II ("Classical Era")

1896–1928 (First classificatory publication of era for Camponotus: Emery, 1898; last: Santschi, 1928).

In addition to the continuation of global exploration marked by regional works (South America, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Palearctic [numerous], North America, Afrotropics [particularly South Africa], and the Malagasy region), this period is distinguished by greater focus on the subgenera, with Forel (1914), Emery (1920), Wheeler (1922), Santschi (1921), and Arnold (1922) expanding upon and refining Emery's system. In 1912, Forel formalized the Emery's (1896) higher classification by recognizing 16 subgenera, but without designating types. Wheeler (1913) sought to correct this by explicitly designating type species, but unfortunately this work was overlooked when Forel (1914) redundantly designated type specimens for his subgenera. This error of omission was replicated by Emery (1920), wherein he revised his initial classification, recognizing a total of 34 subgenera, as well as excluding Phasmomyrmex and species belonging to Notostigma (Melophorini), which he described as new. Wheeler (1921) put the nail in the coffin for the issue of confusion over subgeneric type species in a pointedly titled article, Professor Emery's subgenera of the genus Camponotus Mayr. The capstone to this second phase was Emery' (1925) final ,monumental contribution to Wytsmann's Genera Insectorum, which is still the most significant work on the internal classification of Camponotus to date. In this work, Emery synthesized all previous taxonomic works on Camponotus, particularly those of Forel and Wheeler, revised the delimitation of all subgenera, including subgroups, and provided keys to and diagnoses of all subgenera, all of which amounted to an effort which has not been matched. Moreover, Emery proposed his final phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus (see Emery's Phylogenetic Hypothesis below), which is distinguished from hypotheses he proposed for other groups by the strong biogeographic structure he postulated for the group. In 1926 and 1928, Santschi published the final two works formally altering Emery's (1925) system; both of these works were minor acts of splitting, and neither revised Emery's keys.


Phase III ("Modern Era")

1928–2006 (Beginning: Santschi, 1928; end: Moreau et al. and Brady et al. 2006)

After Emery (1925) and Santschi (1926, 1928), no further works were published which formally modified the subgeneric system of Camponotus until the fourth era of the internal classification of the genus (see Phase IV below). For almost 90 years, there has been, effectively, no major attempt to understand the diversity of Camponotus globally, with the major publications of the era for the genus being regional catalogs (Kempf 1972 Neotropics (followed by Brandao’s update in 1991), Taylor & Brown 1985 Australia (followed by Shattuck 1999), and Bolton’s 1995 global catalog). Virtually all of the taxonomic work on Camponotus during this time were regional, which in sum span the globe, but with global revisions restricted to minor groups of species (i.e., the groups or complexes of herculeanus, nigriceps, fulvopilosus, weiderkehri, and perjerus), as well as regionally-restricted and well-defined or easily-recognizable subgenera (e.g., Dendromyrmex, Karavaievia, Myrmentoma, Myrmostenus, Myrmothrix). In the late ‘90s and early 2000’s, Shattuck and McArthur treated a number Australian groups which they recognized morphologically but in which they disregarded the subgeneric classification. The end of this era is marked by the first global phylogenies of the Formicidae based on molecular data, published by Moreau et al. (2006) and Brady et al. (2006).


Phase IV ("Molecular Era")

2006–present.

The current era of classification, with respect to Camponotus, is nascent. Blaimer et al. (2015) published two phylogenies of the Formicinae using “traditional” Sanger sequencing and “next-gen” Illumina sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs). This work was followed shortly by a formal reclassification of the subfamily by Ward et al. (2016), in which a number of taxonomic changes were made to relieve Camponotus and particular subgenera of paraphyly (i.e., Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex revived status as genera, Myrmogonia synonymized with Colobopsis, Phasmomyrmex made subgenus of Camponotus).Bill MacKay is still working on his revision of Camponotus of the Americas, and at present, no major phylogenetic work is underway for Camponotus, beyond refining the placement of species belonging to Colobopsis.


(Section by B. E. Boudinot, 19 February 2017.)

Emery's Phylogenetic Hypothesis for Camponotus

In Emery's (1925) treatment of Camponotus in Genera Insectorum, he proposed a final, revised hypothesis of the internal relationships of the genus; an earlier version was published in Emery (1920). An important facet of this hypothesis, translated from p. 61, is Emery's "opinion that Camponotus underwent independent evolution in the Old and New Worlds". Emery postulated seven genus groups within Camponotus, with explicit morphologically-transitional lineages. These groups are indicated below:

Emery's original (1925) phylogenetic diagram.

Group I: Myrmopiromis

(Afrotropical and Malagasy regions, a few species from India)

1. Myrmopiromis

2. Myrmotrema

3. Myrmisolepis

4. Orthonotomyrmex

5. Myrmepinotus


Group II: Myrmosaulus

(Malaysia, Australia, Madagascar)

1. Myrmosaulus


Group III: Myrmamblys

Myrmopsamma subgroup (Africa)

1. Myrmopsamma

Karavaievia subgroup (Indomalaya, etc.)

1. Karavaievia

2. Myrmotarsus

3. Myrmoplatys

Mayria subgroup (Afrotropical, Malagasy)

1. Mayria

2. Myrmonesites

3. Myrmopytia

Miscellaneous subgroup

1. Myrmentoma

2. Colobopsis [note: revived status as genus, Ward et al. (2015)]

3. Myrmogonia [note: synonymized with Colobopsis, Ward et al. (2015)]

Subgroup transitional to Myrmaphaenus via Tanaemyrmex

1. Myrmamblys (Old World) [note: split into Myrmespera, Myrmopelta, Myrmotemnus, Paramyrmamblys, and Myrmamblys sensu stricto by Santschi (1926).]

2. Myrmophyma [note: split into Thlipsepinotus and Myrmophyma sensu stricto by Santschi (1928).


Group IV: Tanaemyrmex

(Cosmopolitan)

1. Tanaemyrmex [note: Emery's species groups may be particularly useful for understanding, and dividing, this probably "plesiotypic" taxon]


Group V: Myrmoxygenys group

(Transitional between Myrmamblys and Myrmaphaenus groups via Tanaemyrmex)

1. Myrmoxygenys (Afrotropics)

2. Dinomyrmex (Malaysia) [note: revived status as genus, Ward et al. (2015)]

3. Myrmosericus (Afrotropics, India)

4. Myrmothrix (Neotropics)


Group VI: Myrmaphaenus

Subgroup transitional to Myrmamblys group via Tanaemyrmex

1. Camponotus (Holarctic) (sensu lato, including Nearctic Tanaemyrmex and caryae and lateralis groups of Myrmentoma, in part.

2. Myrmaphaenus (New World)

Neotropical subgroup, transitional to Myrmobrachys group

1. Pseudocolobopsis

2. Myrmostenus

3. Hypercolobopsis

4. Manniella

5. Myrmosphincta


Group VII: Myrmobrachys

Subgroup transitional to Myrmaphaenus group

1. Myrmobrachys

2. Myrmocladoecus

3. Myrmomalis

4. Myrmeurynota

5. Myrmodirachis

6. Myrmoplatypus

7. Myrmepomis


(Section by B. E. Boudinot, 19 February 2017.)

References

  • Agosti, D. 1991. Revision of the oriental ant genus Cladomyrma, with an outline of the higher classification of the Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 16: 293-310. (page 295, Camponotus in Formicinae, Formica genus group)
  • Araújo, J.P.M., Evans, H.C., Kepler, R., Hughes, D.P. 2018. Zombie-ant fungi across continents: 15 new species and new combinations within Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species. Studies in Mycology 90: 119–160 (DOI 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002).
  • Arnold, G. 1922. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part V. Myrmicinae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 579-674 (page 610, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 384, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. (page 347, Type-species: Formica ligniperda; by subsequent designation)
  • Blaimer, B.B., Brady, S.G., Schultz, T.R., Lloyd, M.W., Fisher, B.L., & Ward, P.S. 2015. Phylogenomic methods outperform traditional multi-locus approaches in resolving deep evolutionary history: a case study of formicine ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15:271 (DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0552-5).
  • Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp.
  • Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 112, Camponotus in Formicinae, Camponotini, Camponotus as genus; page 113, Synopsis of subgenera [All subgenera were given as provisional junior synonyms of Camponotus by Brown, 1973b: 179-185. The list was repeated in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 18 with all subgenera listed as junior synonyms. They reverted to subgeneric status)
  • Bondroit, J. 1918. Les fourmis de France et de Belgique. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 87: 1-174 (page 65, Camponotus in Formicinae, Camponotini)
  • Brady, S. G.; Schultz, T. R.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:18172-18177.
  • Brandão, C. R. F. 1991. Adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35:319-412.
  • Brown, W. L., Jr. 1973b. A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. Pp. 161-185 in: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S., Duckworth, W. D. (eds.) Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Wash (page 179-185, All subgenera given as provisional junior synonyms of Camponotus (unconfirmed); see notes)
  • Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 171, Camponotus in Camponotinae )
  • Dlussky, G. M. 1997a. Genera of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Baltic amber. Paleontol. Zh. 6: 50-62 (page 53, Camponotus (subgenus not given) senior synonym of Drymomyrmex)
  • Duran-Ruiz, C. et al. 2013. Ants from the Miocene Totolapa amber (Chiapas, Mexico), with the first record of the genus Forelius (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Can. J. Earth Sci. 50, 495-502 (dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0166).
  • Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 772, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Emery, C. 1896j. Saggio di un catalogo sistematico dei generi Camponotus, Polyrhachis e affini. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna (5)5:363-382 (page 376, combination in Calomyrmex)
  • Emery, C. 1920b. Le genre Camponotus Mayr. Nouvel essai de la subdivision en sous-genres. Revue Zoologique Africaine (Brussels) 8:229-260.
  • Emery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183: 1-302 (page 59, 62, Synopsis of subgenera; Camponotus in Formicinae, Camponotini; page 35, Camponotus as subgenus)
  • Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 5: 441-481 (page 447, Camponotus in Camponotinae [Camponotidae])
  • Forel, A. 1878c. Études myrmécologiques en 1878 (première partie) avec l'anatomie du gésier des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 15: 337-392 (page 367, Camponotus in Camponotinae [Camponotidae])
  • Forel, A. 1886h. Études myrmécologiques en 1886. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 30: 131-215 (page 141, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Forel, A. 1892k. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part I. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 7: 219-245 (page 223, Camponotus in Camponotinae [Camponotidae])
  • Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 165, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Forel, A. 1895b. A fauna das formigas do Brazil. Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 1: 89-139 (page 101, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Forel, A. 1899h. Formicidae. [part]. Biol. Cent.-Am. Hym. 3: 105-136 (page 130, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Forel, A. 1912j. Formicides néotropiques. Part VI. 5me sous-famille Camponotinae Forel. Mém. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 20: 59-92 (page 89, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Forel, A. 1914a. Le genre Camponotus Mayr et les genres voisins. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 22:257-276.
  • Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 250, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Hong, Y.; Wu, J. 2000. The emendation of Shanwangella palaeoptera Zhang and its concerned problems. Geoscience (Beijing) 14: 15-20 (page 20, Camponotus (subgenus not given) senior synonym of Shanwangella)
  • Kempf, W. W. 1972b. Catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical. Studia Entomologica 15:3-344.
  • Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. (page 35, Camponotus in Formicinae [Formicidae])
  • Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 649-776 (page 652, Camponotus in Formicinae (in key) [Formicidae])
  • Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 6, Camponotus in Formicinae [Formicidae])
  • Mayr, G. 1868c. Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins. Beitr. Naturkd. Preuss. 1: 1-102 (page 26, Camponotus in Formicinae [Formicidae])
  • Moreau, C. S.; Bell, C. D.; Vila, R.; Archibald, S. B.; Pierce, N. E. 2006. Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the age of angiosperms. Science (Washington, D. C.) 312:101-104.
  • Polidori, C., Rodriguez-Flores, P.C., Garcia-Paris, M. 2020. Ants as prey for the endemic and endangered Spanish tiger beetle Cephalota dulcinea (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) (doi:10.1080/00379271.2020.1791252).
  • Santschi, F. 1921f. Retouches aux sous-genres de Camponotus. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 61: 310-312 (page 310, Myrmisolepis as subgenus of Camponotus)
  • Santschi, F. 1926c. Nouvelles notes sur les Campontous. Rev. Suisse Zool. 33: 597-618 (page 604, Paramyrmambly as subgenus of Camponotus)
  • Santschi, F. 1928e. Nouvelles fourmis d'Australie. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 56: 465-483 (page 483, Thlipsepinotus as subgenus of Camponotus)
  • Shattuck, S. O. 1999. Australian ants. Their biology and identification. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, xi + 226 pp.
  • Smith, F. 1871a. A catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of India and the Eastern Archipelago. With introductory remarks by A. R. Wallace. [part]. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 11: 285-348 (page 306, Camponotus as subgenus of Formica)
  • Taylor, R. W.; Brown, D. R. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2:1-149, 306-348.
  • Valenti, M.A., Gaimari, S.D. 2000. Of tiger beetles and ubiquitous ants: hazardous living amongst tenacious prey. Cicindela 32: 19–29.
  • Ward, P.S., Blaimer, B.B., Fisher, B.L. 2016. A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex. Zootaxa 4072 (3): 343–357 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.3.4).
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 144, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1913a. Corrections and additions to "List of type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 23:77-83.
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1915i [1914]. The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schr. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsb. 55: 1-142 (page 138, Camponotus in Camponotinae, Camponotini)
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 703, Synopsis of subgenera, Camponotus in Formicinae, Camponotini)
Retrieved from "https://antwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Camponotus&oldid=566116"